ch. 5 violence against women Flashcards
violence against women
any act of gender based violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty whether occurring in public or private
1) IPV occurs on a continuum, ranging from one incident that might or might NOT have a lasting impact chronic or severe episodes over several years
types of behavior associated with IPV
1) physical violence
2) sexual violence
3) stalking
4) psychological aggression
5) intimate and non-partner sexual violence are two of the most common forms of violence against women
historical POV
1) women have been treated inhumanely throughout history
2) women DO NOT disclose abuse b/o:
- power imbalances
- persistent beliefs that family matters are private
- victims feelings of shame
- fear (afraid)
theories, perspectives, frameworks, and models that seek to explain IPV
1) walker cycle theory of violence:
(a) tension building accompanied with rising sense of danger
- emotional abuse, abuse towards pet
(b) acute battering incident: “slap, punch, throw”
(c) loving contrition: “honeymoon phase” - ill never do it again
2) feminist perspective:
- gender (female>male)
- power dynamics (male dominant culture)
3) theory of learned helplessness:
- loss of the ability to predict what one does will make a particular outcome occur
- women exchange their escape skills for coping strategies
4) social-ecological model:
- dynamic relationships that occur between individuals, groups, and their environments
5) sociologic perspective:
- social structure, family dynamic society
6) biological factors:
- neurobiologic and hormonal factors (testosterone, CTE)
women experiencing IPV: characteristics of women in abuse relationships
every segment of society is represented among people experiencing violence
- race/religion/social background, age, and educational level do NOT differentiate women at risk
survivors of IPV may suffer from PTSD
women experiencing IPV: during pregnancy
300,000 women are affected by IPV annually
- physical assault to the abdomen or sexual trauma experienced during pregnancy may increase risk for: spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, LBW, maternal/neonatal death
women experiencing IPV: culture
IPV is seen in all countries, cultures, races, ethnicities, religions, and socioeconomic backgrounds
special populations affected by IPV:
- adolescents
- immigrants
- older or vulnerable
- lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans/queer/questioning/intersex/asexual/allied persons
care mgmt IPV
1) mandatory reporting of DV:
- IPV is considered a crime in all states but varies between being a felony and misdemeanor
- majority of states categorize it as a misdemeanor
- reporting of IPV is controversial d/t some believing it takes away a women’s right to make informed decisions and reporting the violence may put the woman in greater danger (VERY CAREFUL, reporting going to put patient in increased danger)
care mgmt IPV plan of care and nursing interventions
1) ABCDE of caring for abused women
- Alone (will NOT be alone)
- Belief (all info will be _)
- Confidentiality (will be _)
- Documentation
- Education (provide options)
- Safety
2) recognize that most dangerous period for a battered women is when she is in the process of leaving
3) prevention:
- educate women that abuse is a violation of their rights and facilitated access to protective and legal services as a first step
- other measures that may help women to discourage the risk of abusive relationships
- signs: comparison to others, family attack, jealous in social environments, have to be around 24/7, isolation
- abusers are insecure
- power over you
sexual violence
1) broad term that encompasses a wide range of sexual victimization, including:
sexual harassment
sexual assault
rape (molestation, statutory rape)
2) almost 1/5 women experienced rape at some time in their lives
- 1/3 experienced some form of contact sexual violence during their lifetime
3) mental health consequences:
- rape trauma PTSD
- 3 phases of rape trauma:
(a) acute phase disorganization: what just happened to me
(b) outward adjustment phase: I have to get back to school/work
(c) long term process: reorganization phase: more inward, not as social, depression/anxiety
why do some people rape
1) individual risk factors:
- low self esteem
- insecurity
- young age
- low academic achievement
- low income
etc.
2) acquaintance rape 70-80% of all rapes
3) stranger rape: least common type
4) alcohol and drug use
5) date rape drugs: ecstasy (most well known)
6) sadistic rape: abuser takes pleasure out of hurting vistims
- high risk for homocides
care mgmt sexual violence
1) interprofessional care mgmt:
- psychologic first aid
- sexual assault nurse examiners (SANES): follow specific protocols, preservation of evidence and dignity during examination
- history: collection of evidence, documentation
- physical examination/lab tests
- immediate care
- discharge
- after discharge: contact the woman on a regular basis, prevention education, rape awareness groups
human trafficking
1) international labor organization estimates 40.3 million people are in forced labor globally, trafficked for work and sexual exploitation or held in slavery like situations
2) healthcare professionals may interact with victims who are in captivity
(88% human traffick victims go into healthcare system)
3) nurses play a critical role in identifying perpetrators and victims of this crime
- be alert of s/sx of human trafficking
