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NUR 4020 > ch. 12 conception & fetal development > Flashcards

ch. 12 conception & fetal development Flashcards

1
Q

what does healthy people 2030 recommend for childbearing women of age

A

daily intake of atleast 400 mcg of folic acid from fortified foods or dietary supplements

TIP: b vitamin complex prevents spina bifida in babies

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2
Q

where does fertilization occur in the uterus (6)

A

outer 1/3 of the fallopian tubes
- ovary is an extension of the uterus
- uterine fundus: top of the uterus
- endometrium: inner layer of uterus
- myometrium: middle layer of uterus
- perimetrium: outer layer of uterus

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3
Q

fertilization (occurs where, most fertile, survive, avg. male will deposit __ before reaching ___)

A
  • takes place in the ampulla (out 1/3 of fallopian tubes)
  • ova MOST FERTILE 12-24 hours after ovulation (sometimes releases from both ovaries which indicates TWINS)
  • sperm can survive 48-72 hours
  • average male will deposit 200-500 million sperm in the vagina about 1000 reaching the ampulla
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4
Q

embryo and fetus: pregnancy lasts how many days? embryo develops? most critical time)

A

280 days from first day of last menstrual period (LMP)
- embryo develops day 15 until 8 weeks after conception (2-8 weeks)
- MOST CRITICAL TIME for development of the organ systems and main external features (have to keep embryo safe during this time)

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5
Q

teratogens

A

substances or exposure that causes abnormal development

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6
Q

fertilization pre-fetal stages

A

zygote -> morula -> blastocyst -> trophoblast -> implantation (nidation) -> embryo -> fetus

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7
Q

zygote

A

fertilized ova that goes through rapid cell division
- referred to as blastomeres

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8
Q

morula

A

blastomeres form a solid ball of 12-32 cells

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9
Q

blastocyst (3)

A

(day 5-7 with implantation day 9)
- inner solid mass of cells inside a central cavity (middle layer of placenta)
- later develops into a double layer of cells (embryonic disk) from which the embryo & amnion (inner amniotic sac membrane) will develop
- AKA AMNION

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10
Q

trophoblast (3)

A

outer later of cells that surrounds the cavity
- develops into one of the embryonic amniotic membranes
- AKA CHORION

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11
Q

implantation

A

occurs 7-9 days after fertilization

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12
Q

embryo

A

2-8 week development

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13
Q

fetus

A

9 week -> birth

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14
Q

chorioamnionitis

A

infection of both layers

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15
Q

membranes (2)

A

two fetal membranes that surround the developing embryo
- chorion (trophoblast)
- amnion (blastocyst)

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16
Q

amniotic fluid (98-99% ____, 6)

A

98-99% water
- thermoregulation for fetus
- source of oral fluid/repository for waste (drink/urinate)
- assists with fluid/electrolyte homeostasis
- provides for fetal cushioning, musculoskeletal development (protects)
- antibacterial factors
- provides for auditory stimulation (can start hearing at early age)

17
Q

polyhydramnios (hydramnios)

A

> 2 Liters volume (too much volume)
- connected with congenital defects

18
Q

oligohydramnios

A

< 300mL (not enough volume)
- baby can’t grow, vasoconstriction

19
Q

development of the embryo (2)

A

1) yolk sac
- cavity on the other side of the developing embryonic disk
- aids in transferring maternal nutrients and oxygen for the first 5-6 weeks

2) umbilical cord
- located centrally on placenta
- vessels: 2 arteries, 1 veins (smaller)
- wharton’s jelly: surrounds vessels to prevent compression

TIP:
- vein carries good nutrients
- arteries: carries toxins and waste products from umbilical cord

20
Q

placenta (structure, function - endocrine, function - metabolic, circulatory effect) (4)

A

1) structure:
- complete by 12th week (fully functional by 4th week)

2) function (endocrine gland function):
- produces 4 hormones: human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG), human placental lactogen (hPL), progesterone (maintain pregnancy), estriol (one of the main estrogens produced by placenta)

3) function (metabolic):
- respiration
- nutrition
- excretion
- storage

4) circulatory effects on placental function -> dependent on maternal blood pressure supplying circulation

21
Q

fetal maturation

A

stage of the fetus begins at 9 weeks (when fetus becomes recognizable as a human being and lasts until pregnancy ends)

22
Q

viability (what, how long)

A

the capability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus
- 20 weeks (22-23 weeks)

23
Q

fetal circulatory system (3)

A

1) ductus arteriosus: shunt blood R -> L atrium (closes at birth)
2) ductus venosus: feeds liver, shunts liver
3) foramen ovale: shunts within the heart (tunnel like opening that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium during fetal development)

24
Q

hematopoietic system (2)

A
  • fetal hemoglobin: has a high affinity for oxygen and carries 20% - 30% more oxygen than maternal hemoglobin (HgbF -> 3rd week pregnancy develops)
  • hematopoiesis: the formation of blood and begins in the 3rd week
25
Q

respiratory system (2)

A
  • pulmonary surfactants: present by 36 weeks
  • L/S ratio: used to determine fetal lung maturity (eg. preeclampsia, uncontrolled DM can lead to early birth, done via amniocentesis)

TIP:
- fetus can’t breathe on own at 28 weeks
- amniocentesis: extract amniotic fluid to look for ratio -> see how well fetus will do outside uterus

26
Q

gastrointestinal system(2)

A
  • meconium: first fetal/newborn stool
  • EXAM: sign of distress!!!
27
Q

hepatic system (2)

A
  • develops from the foregut around 4 weeks gestation
  • glycogen stored in fetal liver (helps fetus to survive)
28
Q

renal system (2)

A
  • kidneys form at week 5
  • function at week 9n
29
Q

neurological system (2)

A
  • originates from ectoderm
  • fetal senses: taste (16 wks), sound (24 wks), sight (26 wks)
30
Q

endocrine system: (3)

A

thyroid
adrenal cortex
pancreas

31
Q

reproductive system

A

sex differentiation begins during the 7th week (1 1/2 months)

32
Q

integumentary system (2)

A
  • vernix caseosa: thick cheese substance over baby, functions as moisturizer
  • lanugo: fine, downy hair gives skin protection
33
Q

immunologic system (2)

A
  • IgG crosses placenta (mom -> fetus)
  • fetus produces IgM (own antibodies)

TIP:
- receives immunity from mother

34
Q

dizygotic (4)

A

multiple mature ova results in 2 zygotes
- occurs in approximately 1/3 births in the US accoutning for 70% of all twin gestations
- considered FRATERNAL
- increases in frequency with: maternal age (peaking at 37 years) with parity (more pregnancies increases chances of having twins again), use of ART

35
Q

monozygotic (5)

A

one ova that divides
- same sex, often referred to as IDENTICAL
- 0.4% of all pregnancies
- mono-di: each twin has own amnion, but one chorion
- mono-mono: most dangerous, one amnion, one chorion, twins (one sac)

36
Q

conjoined

A

cleavage is incomplete and occurs late (cellular division)

37
Q

factors influencing fetal growth and development (3)

A
  • influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors (genetic/lifestyle)
  • fetal and parental genetics play a major role (sperm donor: may not know genetic history - many CONGENITAL ANOMALIES d/t teratogens)
  • environmental influences on fetal development: health of placenta, maternal health (nutritional status, maternal age, drugs, chemicals, hormones, viruses in maternal system), teratogens (effects depends on timing of exposure in pregnancy)

TIP: first 3 MONTHS of pregnancy are recognized as the MOST CRITICAL PERIOD of embryonic and fetal development

38
Q

what is a major cause for the increase in multiple births in the US?

A

increased use of assisted reproductive technology

NUR 4020 (36 decks)

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