Ch 5. Value and Descriptive Assumptions Flashcards
Assumptions
A belief, usually unstated that is taken for granted and supports reasoning
2 places to look for assumptions:
1. Assumptions needed for reason to support conclusion
2. Assumptions necessary for a reason to be true
2 types of assumptions:
1. Value assumptions
2. Descriptive assumptions
Value assumptions (Conflict of interest)
Assumptions about people’s values that are taken for granted
Preferences of which value they prefer over the other
Extremely contextual and a person’s background/belonging serve as potential clues to their value preferences, but careful not to stereotype
Conflict of interest
When personal interests (financial) clash with professional interests
Be sure to disclose even smallest conflict of interest
Why is a conflict of interest a value conflict?
Do you value your professional ASHA values over your personal values?
Worry that financial or personal gains may negatively impact a practitioner’s clinical objectivity or a researcher’s scientific objectivity and impact credibility of claim
ASHA and COI
Taken very seriously
Clinicians required to disclose even if they have outside, related businesses, or financial interests
DISCLOSURES ARE REQUIRED
Things expected to disclose:
-personal partnership with business whose products they may suggest a client purchase
-lots of money involved, any sort of affiliation
-published journal articles
-conferences or webinar presentations
Avoid engaging in COI whereby personal interests could influence objectivity and competence of services
How would you know if someone had a COI?
They should tell us, we shouldn’t have to find out
But, if their reasons don’t match up with conclusion or if their background says something, then we can tell
Always be dubious
What does each type of disclosure suggest to us?
YES disclosure: Know claim is honest, but most likely biased
NO disclose: Hopefully not biased, ensure they are being truthful, look into background
Disclosure may not be relevant or was not required when published
No discloser and YES COI: Strongly suspect claim is biased in favor of personal gain
How do we find disclosures?
ASHA journals: Found on the bottom of first page of article
Online ASHA: Author’s info and affiliations
Other: Discussions
Descriptive assumptions
What people take for granted about the nature of the world, beliefs about the way the world was, is, or is going to be
What do we need to know to judge how well the reason connects to the conclusion
Found in METHODS section of research articles, or HOW they got their results/reasons
The diagnostic assessment used to arrive at the results/reason is the descriptive assumption in clinical situations
