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Parasitology > Ch. 5 - The Hemoflagellates > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - The Hemoflagellates Flashcards

0
Q

2 genera of hemoflagellates

A

Leishmania and Trypanosoma

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1
Q

Parasites located in the blood and tissue that move by means of flagella

A

Hemoflagellates

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2
Q

4 morphologic forms of hemoflagellates

A

Amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote and trypomastigote

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3
Q

Diagnostic form for Leishmania

A

Amastigote

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4
Q

Diagnostic form for Trypanosoma

A

Trypomastigotes, except T. cruzi (amastigote)

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5
Q

The only hemoflagellate morphologic form without a flagella

A

Amastigote

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6
Q

Umbrella term for the blepharoplast and small parabasal body

A

Kinetoplast

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7
Q

Hemoflagellate morphologic form that may assume the shape of the letters C, S or U

A

Trypomastigote

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8
Q

Location of kinetoplast in trypomastigote

A

Posterior

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9
Q

Length of undulating membrane in trypomastigotes

A

Full body length undulating

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10
Q

Length of undulating membrane of epimastigote

A

Half the body length

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11
Q

Location of nucleus in epimastigotes

A

Posterior end

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12
Q

Location of kinetoplast in promastigotes

A

Anterior end

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13
Q

Location of nucleus in promastigotes

A

Central

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14
Q

2 morphologic forms routinely found in human specimens

A

Amastigotes and trypomastigotes

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15
Q

3 typical locations of amastigotes

A
  • tissue
  • muscle
  • CNS macrophages
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16
Q

Typical location of trypomastigotes

A

Peripheral blood

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17
Q

Typical location of epimastigotes

A

Arthropod vector

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18
Q

Typical location of promastigotes

A

Newly infected blood sample and culture

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19
Q

Subphylum of hemoflagellates

A

Mastigophora

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20
Q

Class of hemoflagellates

A

Zoomastigophora

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21
Q

Enumerate the 8 blood tissue species

A
  • Leishmania braziliensis complex
  • Leishmania donovani complex
  • Leishmania mexicana complex
  • Leishmania tropicana complex
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  • Trypanosoma cruzi
  • Trypanosoma rangeli
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22
Q

General term for diseases caused by the hemoflagellate genus Leishmania

A

Leishmaniasis

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23
Q

General term for parasitic infection of the blood, into new environments, finding new host organisms and new vectors

A

Parasitemias

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24
Q

Causes Bagdhad boils

A

Leishmania tropica

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25
Q

Causes Bay sore

A

Leishmania mexicana

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26
Q

Causes Chiclero ulcer

A

Leishmania mexicana

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27
Q

Causes Dum dum fever

A

Leishmania donovani

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28
Q

Causes Espundia

A

Leishmania braziliensis

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29
Q

Causes forest yaws

A

Leishmania guyanensis

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30
Q

Causes Kala-azar

A

Leishmania donovani complex

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31
Q

Causes oriental sore

A

Leishmania tropica complex

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32
Q

Causes Pian bois

A

Leishmania guyanensis

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33
Q

A mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes

A

Uta

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34
Q

4 parasites under Leishmania braziliensis complex

A
  • L. braziliensis
  • L. panamensis
  • L. peruviana
  • L. guyanensis
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35
Q

Ggographical distribution of L. braziliensis complex

A

New World

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36
Q

Specimen of choice for L. braziliensis complex amastigotes

A

Biopsy of the infected ulcer

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37
Q

Vectors for Leishmania braziliensis complex

A

Lutzomyia and Psychodopygus sandflies

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38
Q

Infective stage of L. braziliensis complex to the sandfly

A

Amastigotes

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39
Q

Infective stage of L. braziliensis complex to the humans

A

Promastigotes

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40
Q

2 reservoir hosts of L. braziliensis complex

A
  • dogs

- forest rodents

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41
Q

6 diseases associated with L. braziliensis complex

A
  • Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
  • chiclero ulcer
  • espundia
  • forest yaws
  • pian bois
  • uta
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42
Q

Most widely used antileishmanial agent for treatment of L. braziliensis complex infection

A

Antimony compounds: sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)

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43
Q

3 diseases associated with Leishmania donovani complex infections

A
  • visceral leishmaniasis
  • kala-azar
  • dum dum fever
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44
Q

3 species under Leishmania donovani complex

A
  • L. donovani
  • L. infantum
  • L. chagasi
45
Q

Geographical distribution of L. donovani complex

A

Old or New World

46
Q

A screening test used for screening large populations at risk for infections caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Montenegro skin test

47
Q

Vector for L. chagasi

A

Lutzomyia sandlfy

48
Q

Vector for L. donovani and L. infantum

A

Phlebotomus sandlfy

49
Q

3 reservoir hosts for L. chagasi

A

Dogs, cats and foxes

50
Q

Reservoir hosts for L. donovani

A

Dogs

51
Q

4 reservoir hosts for L. infantum

A

Dogs, foxes, jackals and porcupines

52
Q

Specimen of choice for L. donovani complex amastigotes

A

Blood, bone marrow (sternal) and lymph node aspirates

53
Q

What organs are enlarged with visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Spleen and liver (hepatosplenomegaly)

54
Q

Drug of choice for visceral leishmaniasis

A

Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome)

55
Q

3 diseases associated with Leishmania mexicana complex

A
  • New World cutaneous leishmaniasis
  • chiclero ulcer
  • bay sore
56
Q

5 species under L. mexicana complex

A
  • L. mexicana
  • L. pifanoi
  • L. amozonensis
  • L. venezuelensis
  • L. garnhami
57
Q

Geographic distribution of L. mexicana complex

A

New World

58
Q

Specimen of choice for L. mexicana amastigotes

A

Lesion biopsy

59
Q

Type of culture for L. mexicana complex promastigote

A

NNN medium

60
Q

Vectors for L. mexicana complex

A

Lutzomyia sandlfy

61
Q

Reservoir hosts for L. mexicana complex

A

Forest rodents

62
Q

Species of Leishmania mexicana complex that may develop into an incurable diffuse cutaneous form of the disease

A

L. amazonensis

63
Q

Inability of the individual to to mount an adequate immune response

A

Anergy

64
Q

Drug of choice for L. mexicana complex infections

A

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)

65
Q

5 associated diseases with Leishmania tropica complex

A
  • Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis
  • oriental sores
  • Delhi boils
  • Baghdad boils
  • dry or urban cutaneous leishmaniasis
66
Q

3 species under Leishmania tropica complex

A
  • L. aethiopica
  • L. major
  • L. tropica
67
Q

Vector for L. tropica complex

A

Phlebotomus sandlfy

68
Q

Reservoir host for L. aethiopica

A

Rock hyrax

69
Q

Reservoir host for L. major

A

Gerbils, other rodents

70
Q

Reservoir host for L. tropica

A

Dogs

71
Q

Specimen of choice for L. tropica complex amastigotes

A

Fluid aspirate beneath ulcer bed

72
Q

Hemoflagellates that attack the human lymphoid tissue of the skin

A

L. tropica complex

73
Q

Treatment of choiec for L. tropica complex infections

A

Sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)

74
Q

General term for the diseases caused by hemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma

A

Trypanosomiasis

75
Q

2 diseases associated with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

A
  • West African sleeping sickness

- Gambian trypanosomiasis

76
Q

3 specimen of choice for T. b. gambiense

A
  • blood
  • lymph node aspirates
  • CSF
77
Q

2 specimens where T. b. gambiense trypomastigotes may be found

A
  • blood

- lymph node aspirates

78
Q

What immunoglobin is considered diagnostic when found in CSF for T. b. gambiense?

A

IgM

79
Q

2 vectors for T. b. gambiense

A

Tsetse fly:

  • Glossina palpalis
  • Glossina tachinoides
80
Q

Where is T. b. gambiense found?

A

West and Central Africa

81
Q

First notable symptom of West African sleeping sickness

A

Development of a painful chancre

82
Q

Enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes in reference to T. b. gambiense infection

A

Winterbottom’s sign

83
Q

Somnolence occurs during the infection of _________________

A

T. b. gambiense

84
Q

Kerandel’s sign is experienced during the infection with _____________

A

T.b. gambiense

85
Q

The ressurection drug for T.b. gambiense

A

Eflornithine

86
Q

2 diseases associated with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

A
  • East African sleeping sickness

- Rhodesian trypanosomiasis

87
Q

Where is T.b. rhodesiense found?

A

Eastern and Central Africa

88
Q

2 specimen of choice for T.b. rhodesiense

A
  • blood slides

- CSF sediments

89
Q

2 vectors for T.b. rhodesiense

A

Tsetse fly:

  • Glossina mortisans
  • Glossina pallidipes
90
Q

3 reservoir hosts for T.b. rhodesiense

A
  • cattle
  • sheep
  • game animals
91
Q

2 diseases associated with Trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • Chaga’s disease

- American trypanosomiasis

92
Q

Specimen of choice for T. cruzi trypomastigotes

A

Blood slides

93
Q

Where are T. cruzi epimastigotes found?

A

Arthropod vectors

94
Q

Where are T. cruzi amastigotes found?

A

Lymph node biopsy and blood culture

95
Q

Vector for T. cruzi

A

Reduviid bug (Triatoma spp.)

96
Q

Where is T. cruzi primarily found?

A

South and Central America

97
Q

Organism where the first T. cruzi was isolated

A

Panstrongylus megistus

98
Q

2 reservoir hosts for T. cruzi

A
  • Dogs

- cats

99
Q

Most common initial symptom of Chaga’s disease

A

Chagoma on the face

100
Q

Swelling of the eyelids due to Chaga’s disease

A

Romaña’s sign

101
Q

3 organs that may enlarge with chronic Chaga’s disease

A
  • colon (megacolon)
  • esophagus (megaesophagus)
  • heart (cardiomegaly)
102
Q

Treatment of choice for T. cruzi

A

Nifurtimox (Lampit)

103
Q

What age group is Chaga’s disease most commonly seen?

A

Children younger than 5 years

104
Q

Traditional method of diagnosing T. cruzi trypomastigotes in endemic areas

A

Xenodiagnosis

105
Q

Specimen of choice for Trypanosoma rangeli trypomastigotes

A

Blood slides

106
Q

Vector for T. rangeli

A

Reduviid bug (Rhodius prolixus)

107
Q

Where is T. rangeli commonly found?

A

South and Central America

108
Q

2 drugs for the treatment for T. rangeli infection

A

Nifurtimox and benzimidazole

109
Q

6 reservoir hosts for T. rangeli

A
  • dogs
  • cats
  • raccoons
  • armadillos
  • rodents
  • monkeys

Parasitology (6 decks)

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