Ch. 5 - The Hemoflagellates Flashcards
0
Q
2 genera of hemoflagellates
A
Leishmania and Trypanosoma
1
Q
Parasites located in the blood and tissue that move by means of flagella
A
Hemoflagellates
2
Q
4 morphologic forms of hemoflagellates
A
Amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote and trypomastigote
3
Q
Diagnostic form for Leishmania
A
Amastigote
4
Q
Diagnostic form for Trypanosoma
A
Trypomastigotes, except T. cruzi (amastigote)
5
Q
The only hemoflagellate morphologic form without a flagella
A
Amastigote
6
Q
Umbrella term for the blepharoplast and small parabasal body
A
Kinetoplast
7
Q
Hemoflagellate morphologic form that may assume the shape of the letters C, S or U
A
Trypomastigote
8
Q
Location of kinetoplast in trypomastigote
A
Posterior
9
Q
Length of undulating membrane in trypomastigotes
A
Full body length undulating
10
Q
Length of undulating membrane of epimastigote
A
Half the body length
11
Q
Location of nucleus in epimastigotes
A
Posterior end
12
Q
Location of kinetoplast in promastigotes
A
Anterior end
13
Q
Location of nucleus in promastigotes
A
Central
14
Q
2 morphologic forms routinely found in human specimens
A
Amastigotes and trypomastigotes
15
Q
3 typical locations of amastigotes
A
- tissue
- muscle
- CNS macrophages
16
Q
Typical location of trypomastigotes
A
Peripheral blood
17
Q
Typical location of epimastigotes
A
Arthropod vector
18
Q
Typical location of promastigotes
A
Newly infected blood sample and culture
19
Q
Subphylum of hemoflagellates
A
Mastigophora
20
Q
Class of hemoflagellates
A
Zoomastigophora
21
Q
Enumerate the 8 blood tissue species
A
- Leishmania braziliensis complex
- Leishmania donovani complex
- Leishmania mexicana complex
- Leishmania tropicana complex
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Trypanosoma rangeli
22
Q
General term for diseases caused by the hemoflagellate genus Leishmania
A
Leishmaniasis
23
Q
General term for parasitic infection of the blood, into new environments, finding new host organisms and new vectors
A
Parasitemias
24
Causes Bagdhad boils
Leishmania tropica
25
Causes Bay sore
Leishmania mexicana
26
Causes Chiclero ulcer
Leishmania mexicana
27
Causes Dum dum fever
Leishmania donovani
28
Causes Espundia
Leishmania braziliensis
29
Causes forest yaws
Leishmania guyanensis
30
Causes Kala-azar
Leishmania donovani complex
31
Causes oriental sore
Leishmania tropica complex
32
Causes Pian bois
Leishmania guyanensis
33
A mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes
Uta
34
4 parasites under Leishmania braziliensis complex
- L. braziliensis
- L. panamensis
- L. peruviana
- L. guyanensis
35
Ggographical distribution of L. braziliensis complex
New World
36
Specimen of choice for L. braziliensis complex amastigotes
Biopsy of the infected ulcer
37
Vectors for Leishmania braziliensis complex
Lutzomyia and Psychodopygus sandflies
38
Infective stage of L. braziliensis complex to the sandfly
Amastigotes
39
Infective stage of L. braziliensis complex to the humans
Promastigotes
40
2 reservoir hosts of L. braziliensis complex
- dogs
| - forest rodents
41
6 diseases associated with L. braziliensis complex
- Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
- chiclero ulcer
- espundia
- forest yaws
- pian bois
- uta
42
Most widely used antileishmanial agent for treatment of L. braziliensis complex infection
Antimony compounds: sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)
43
3 diseases associated with Leishmania donovani complex infections
- visceral leishmaniasis
- kala-azar
- dum dum fever
44
3 species under Leishmania donovani complex
- L. donovani
- L. infantum
- L. chagasi
45
Geographical distribution of L. donovani complex
Old or New World
46
A screening test used for screening large populations at risk for infections caused by Leishmania spp.
Montenegro skin test
47
Vector for L. chagasi
Lutzomyia sandlfy
48
Vector for L. donovani and L. infantum
Phlebotomus sandlfy
49
3 reservoir hosts for L. chagasi
Dogs, cats and foxes
50
Reservoir hosts for L. donovani
Dogs
51
4 reservoir hosts for L. infantum
Dogs, foxes, jackals and porcupines
52
Specimen of choice for L. donovani complex amastigotes
Blood, bone marrow (sternal) and lymph node aspirates
53
What organs are enlarged with visceral leishmaniasis?
Spleen and liver (hepatosplenomegaly)
54
Drug of choice for visceral leishmaniasis
Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome)
55
3 diseases associated with Leishmania mexicana complex
- New World cutaneous leishmaniasis
- chiclero ulcer
- bay sore
56
5 species under L. mexicana complex
- L. mexicana
- L. pifanoi
- L. amozonensis
- L. venezuelensis
- L. garnhami
57
Geographic distribution of L. mexicana complex
New World
58
Specimen of choice for L. mexicana amastigotes
Lesion biopsy
59
Type of culture for L. mexicana complex promastigote
NNN medium
60
Vectors for L. mexicana complex
Lutzomyia sandlfy
61
Reservoir hosts for L. mexicana complex
Forest rodents
62
Species of Leishmania mexicana complex that may develop into an incurable diffuse cutaneous form of the disease
L. amazonensis
63
Inability of the individual to to mount an adequate immune response
Anergy
64
Drug of choice for L. mexicana complex infections
Sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)
65
5 associated diseases with Leishmania tropica complex
- Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis
- oriental sores
- Delhi boils
- Baghdad boils
- dry or urban cutaneous leishmaniasis
66
3 species under Leishmania tropica complex
- L. aethiopica
- L. major
- L. tropica
67
Vector for L. tropica complex
Phlebotomus sandlfy
68
Reservoir host for L. aethiopica
Rock hyrax
69
Reservoir host for L. major
Gerbils, other rodents
70
Reservoir host for L. tropica
Dogs
71
Specimen of choice for L. tropica complex amastigotes
Fluid aspirate beneath ulcer bed
72
Hemoflagellates that attack the human lymphoid tissue of the skin
L. tropica complex
73
Treatment of choiec for L. tropica complex infections
Sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)
74
General term for the diseases caused by hemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma
Trypanosomiasis
75
2 diseases associated with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- West African sleeping sickness
| - Gambian trypanosomiasis
76
3 specimen of choice for T. b. gambiense
- blood
- lymph node aspirates
- CSF
77
2 specimens where T. b. gambiense trypomastigotes may be found
- blood
| - lymph node aspirates
78
What immunoglobin is considered diagnostic when found in CSF for T. b. gambiense?
IgM
79
2 vectors for T. b. gambiense
Tsetse fly:
- Glossina palpalis
- Glossina tachinoides
80
Where is T. b. gambiense found?
West and Central Africa
81
First notable symptom of West African sleeping sickness
Development of a painful chancre
82
Enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes in reference to T. b. gambiense infection
Winterbottom's sign
83
Somnolence occurs during the infection of _________________
T. b. gambiense
84
Kerandel's sign is experienced during the infection with _____________
T.b. gambiense
85
The ressurection drug for T.b. gambiense
Eflornithine
86
2 diseases associated with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- East African sleeping sickness
| - Rhodesian trypanosomiasis
87
Where is T.b. rhodesiense found?
Eastern and Central Africa
88
2 specimen of choice for T.b. rhodesiense
- blood slides
| - CSF sediments
89
2 vectors for T.b. rhodesiense
Tsetse fly:
- Glossina mortisans
- Glossina pallidipes
90
3 reservoir hosts for T.b. rhodesiense
- cattle
- sheep
- game animals
91
2 diseases associated with Trypanosoma cruzi
- Chaga's disease
| - American trypanosomiasis
92
Specimen of choice for T. cruzi trypomastigotes
Blood slides
93
Where are T. cruzi epimastigotes found?
Arthropod vectors
94
Where are T. cruzi amastigotes found?
Lymph node biopsy and blood culture
95
Vector for T. cruzi
Reduviid bug (Triatoma spp.)
96
Where is T. cruzi primarily found?
South and Central America
97
Organism where the first T. cruzi was isolated
Panstrongylus megistus
98
2 reservoir hosts for T. cruzi
- Dogs
| - cats
99
Most common initial symptom of Chaga's disease
Chagoma on the face
100
Swelling of the eyelids due to Chaga's disease
Romaña's sign
101
3 organs that may enlarge with chronic Chaga's disease
- colon (megacolon)
- esophagus (megaesophagus)
- heart (cardiomegaly)
102
Treatment of choice for T. cruzi
Nifurtimox (Lampit)
103
What age group is Chaga's disease most commonly seen?
Children younger than 5 years
104
Traditional method of diagnosing T. cruzi trypomastigotes in endemic areas
Xenodiagnosis
105
Specimen of choice for Trypanosoma rangeli trypomastigotes
Blood slides
106
Vector for T. rangeli
Reduviid bug (Rhodius prolixus)
107
Where is T. rangeli commonly found?
South and Central America
108
2 drugs for the treatment for T. rangeli infection
Nifurtimox and benzimidazole
109
6 reservoir hosts for T. rangeli
- dogs
- cats
- raccoons
- armadillos
- rodents
- monkeys
