CH 5: Short-Term and Working Memory

Question 1

The processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

a. cognition
b. memory
c. executive control

Answer 1

b. memory

Question 2

Five different types of memory are:

a. sensory, short-term, long-term, episodic, and semantic
b. sensory, short-term, episodic, semantic, and procedural
c. sensory, short-term, long-term, episodic, and procedural

Answer 2

b. sensory, short-term, episodic, semantic, and procedural

Question 3

In the model of memory proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin, the initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second is called _____.

a. sensory memory
b. working memory
c. short-term memory
d. long-term memory

Answer 3

a. sensory memory

Question 4

The types of memory proposed in a model, such as sensory memory or long-term memory, are called the _____ features of the model.

a. process
b. functional
c. structural
d. control

Answer 4

c. structural

Question 5

Dynamic processes associated with the memory components that can be modified by a person and that may differ from one task to another are referred to as _____ processes.

a. control
b. functional
c. structural
d. instrumental

Answer 5

a. control

Question 6

Jason is repeating a phone number over and over long enough to dial it on his phone. He is using what type of control process?

a. repetitive construct
b. rehearsal
c. short-term memory

Answer 6

b. rehearsal

Question 7

You briefly write your name in the air using a lit sparkler. Although the sparkler leaves no trace of the letters while you are writing, you are still able to perform this task due to _____.

a. stimulus decay
b. constructive processing
c. good continuation
d. persistence of vision

Answer 7

d. persistence of vision

Question 8

The brief sensory memory associated with vision is called _____ memory.

a. retinal
b. rod and cone
c. iconic
d. pigment

Answer 8

c. iconic

Iconic memory (visual icon)

Question 9

The brief sensory memory associated with hearing is called _____ memory.

a. retinal
b. rod and cone
c. iconic
d. echoic

Answer 9

d. echoic

Question 10

It is a beautiful spring day and, your mind is wandering as you look out the window during your cognitive psychology lecture. Suddenly, a friend nudges you and glances meaningfully towards the professor. Before the question can be repeated, you “hear” it in your mind and answer correctly. You’ve been saved by _____ memory.

a. iconic
b. eidetic
c. haptic
d. echoic

Answer 10

d. echoic

Question 11

Jaynelle very much enjoys learning new languages. She learned French in high school and is now taking Spanish. However, she finds that she often substitutes French words for the similar Spanish words she is supposed to be using. Jaynelle is experiencing _____ interference.

a. decay-related
b. proactive
c. recall
d. retroactive

Answer 11

b. proactive

Question 12

“The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” idea refers to _____ memory capacity.

a. sensory
b. echoic
c. short-term
d. long-term

Answer 12

c. short-term

Question 13

Sperling used two methods, to determine the capacity and time course of visual sensory memory.

a. iconic report and echoic report
b. whole report and partial report
c. short-term report and long-term report

Answer 13

b. whole report and partial report

Question 14

While George Miller focused his research on the _____ that could be stored, more recent research has focused on the _____ that can be stored.

a. number of items; kinds of items
b. amount of information; number of items
c. number of items; amount of information
d. amount of information; kinds of information

Answer 14

c. number of items; amount of information

Question 15

Baddeley’s initial working memory model consists of _____.

a. a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketch pad, and a central executive
b. a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketch pad, and an episodic buffer
c. short-term memory, long-term memory, a central executive, and an episodic buffer
d. sensory memory, long-term memory, a central executive, and an episodic buffer

Answer 15

a. a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketch pad, and a central executive

Question 16

The _____ can store information and is connected to long-term memory.

a. central executive
b. iconic processor
c. echoic processor
d. episodic buffer

Answer 16

d. episodic buffer

Question 17

The Phonological loop proposed by Baddeley consists of the phonological store and _____.

a. visuospatial sketch pad
b. central executive
c. articulatory rehearsal process

Answer 17

c. articulatory rehearsal process

Question 18

Monkeys with damage to the _____ have difficulty with delayed-response tasks, in which they must briefly hold information in working memory.

a. occipital
b. temporal
c. parietal
d. prefrontal

Answer 18

d. prefrontal

Question 19

Funahashi and coworkers conducted an experiment in which they recorded from neurons in a monkey’s cortex while the monkey carried out a delayed-response task. They found that the neuron that responded to the original stimulus _____.

a. was inhibited during the delay
b. continued firing during the delay
c. triggered spread of excitation
d. supplemented its neurotransmitter stores

Answer 19

b. continued firing during the delay

Question 20

Which statement about neural mind reading is most accurate?

a. Neural mind reading programs have yet to perform above chance even for simple stimuli.
b. Neural mind reading programs perform just barely above chance (averaging 55% to 60% correct) for relatively simple stimuli.
c. Neural mind reading programs perform above chance (averaging 75% to 100%) in discriminating between two simple stimuli.
d. Neural mind reading programs perform above chance (averaging 75% to 100%) in discriminating between numerous complex stimuli.

Answer 20

c. Neural mind reading programs perform above chance (averaging 75% to 100%) in discriminating between two simple stimuli.

Question 21

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ___.

a. sound is to vision
b. vision is to sound
c. short-term memory is to long-term memory
d. long-term memory is to short-term memory

Answer 21

b. vision is to sound

Question 22

Demonstrating a double dissociation is an example of ___.

a. analysis of behavior after brain damage
b. measuring activity of the human brain
c. recording electrical signals from the human brain
d. recording from single neurons

Answer 22

a. analysis of behavior after brain damage

Question 23

Which of the following terms is LEAST like the others?

a. mental rotation
b. neural mind reading
c. visual imagery
d. visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 23

b. neural mind reading

Question 24

If someone is showing perseveration, then they’ve likely had damage to their ___ lobe.

a. frontal
b. parietal
c. temporal
d. occipital

Answer 24

a. prefrontal cortex

Perseveration: Difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person’s ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking. Perseveration is observed in cases in which the prefrontal cortex has been damaged.

Question 25

Suppose someone has told you a phone number and you’re repeating over and over again to yourself with the hope that you’ll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of ___ called ___.

a. rehearsal ; control process
b. control process ; rehearsal
c. control process ; structural feature
d. structural feature ; rehearsal

Answer 25

b. control process ; rehearsal

Question 26

The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of ___.

a. short-term memory
b. long-term memory
c. sensory memory
d. rehearsal

Answer 26

c. sensory memory

Question 27

Now that you’re learning Spanish, you’re finding it harder to recall French words that you learned earlier. This example illustrates ___.

a. chunking
b. decay
c. retroactive interference
d. proactive interference

Answer 27

c. retroactive interference

Question 28

According to the phonological similarity effect, we’re more likely to confuse words or letters that ___ similar; for instance, “F” is more likely to be misidentified as ___.

a. sound; “E”
b. sound; “S”
c. look; “E”
d. sound; “X”

Answer 28

b. sound; “S”

Question 29

Baddeley proposed the _____ in his new model of working memory. serves as a “backup” store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory. It holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad. This component is still a “work in progress.”

a. phonological loop
b. phonological store
c. episodic buffer

Answer 29

c. episodic buffer

Question 30

The notion that it is more difficult to remember a list of long words than a list of short words because it takes more time to pronounce and rehearse longer words and to produce during recall.

a. phonological similarity effect
b. word length effect
c. articulatory suppression

Answer 30

b. word length effect

Question 31

Jane is having a tough time remembering a list of words as she repeats the word, “the” several times. This is an example of _____.

a. phonological similarity effect
b. word length effect
c. articulatory suppression

Answer 31

c. articulatory suppression