Ch. 5 Phonetics Flashcards
When you know a language you know the
sounds of that language and how to combine those sounds into words
The study of speech sounds is called
phonetics
To describe speech sounds it is necessary to know
what an individual sound is, and how each sound differs from all others
True or false
It is possible to segment the sound of someone clearing her throat into a sequence of discrete units
False, because that is not speech
- An individual sound that occurs in a language
2. the act of dividing utterances into sounds, morphemes, words, and phrases
Segment
An apron is an example of
How words have changed over time based on word boundary misperceptions
The following sentences and phrases are what?
Grade A - Gray day
I scream - Ice cream
The sun’s rays meet - the sons raise meat
Distinct when written but ambiguous when spoken
True or False
You can only segment a language if you can read and write
False, if you know a language you can segment it
The science of phonetics attempts to describe all of the sounds used in
all of the languages of the world
Phonetics focused on the physical properties of sounds
Acoustic phonetics
Phonetics focused on how listeners perceive these sounds
Auditory phonetics
Phonetics concerned with the study of how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language
Articulatory phonetics
A general term for “spelling” in any language
Orthography
George Bernard Shaw complained that spelling was so inconsistent that fish could be spelled
ghoti
gh as in tough + o as in women + ti as in nation
The phonetic alphabet was invented
So that we could have a one sound to one symbol correspondence to study all the sounds of all human languages scientifically
An alphabet to symbolize all of the sounds of all languages, utilizing both ordinary letters and invented symbols
Phonetic alphabet
IPA stands for
International phonetic alphabet
The symbol [p] represents what sound?
/p/ as in pill
The symbol [b] represents what sound?
/b/ as in bill
The symbol [m] represents what sound?
/m/ as in mill
[f] represents what sound?
/f/ as in feel
[v] represents what sound?
/v/ as in veal
[θ] represents what sound?
/th/ from thigh
[ð] represents what sound?
/th/ from thy
[ʃ] represents what sound?
/sh/ from shill
[ʒ] represents what sound?
/s/ in measure
[t] represents what sound?
/t/ in till
[d] represents what sound?
/d/ in dill
[n] represents what sound?
/n/ in nil
[s] represents what sound?
/s/ in seal
[z] represents what sound?
/z/ in zeal
[tʃ] represents what sound?
/ch/ in chill
[dʒ] represents what sound?
/g/ in gin
[ʍ] represents what sound?
/wh/ said together (only some dialects)
[k] represents what sound?
/k/ as in kill
[g] represents what sound?
/g/ as in gill
[ŋ] represents what sound?
/ng/ as in sing
[h] represents what sound?
/h/ as in heal
[l] represents what sound?
/l/ as in leaf
[r] represents what sound?
/r/ as in reef
[j] represents what sound?
/y/ as in you
[w] represents what sound?
/w/ as in witch
[i] represents what sound?
/ee/ in beet
[e] represents what sound?
/ai/ in bait
[u] represents what sound?
/oo/ in boot
[o] represents what sound?
/o/ in boat
[æ] represents what sound?
/a/ in bat
[ʌ] represents what sound?
/u/ as in butt
[ai] represents what sound?
/i/ as in bite
[ɔi] represents what sound?
/oy/ as in boy
[I] represents what sound?
/I/ as in bit
[ɛ] represents what sound?
/e/ as in bet
[ʊ] represents what sound?
/oo/ as in foot
[ɔ] represents what sound?
/o/ as in bore
[a] represents what sound?
/o/ as in pot or /a/ as in bar
[ə] represents what sound?
/a/ as in above or /a/ as in sofa
[aʊ] represents what sound?
/ou/ as in bout
Symbol called schwa used to represent vowels in syllables that are not emphasized in speaking and who’s duration is very short
[ə]
The symbol used to denote an English r is
an upside down r
[ðo] is what word?
though
[θɔt] is what word?
thought
[rʌf] is what word?
rough
[baʊ] is what word?
bough
[θru] is what word?
through
[wʊd] is what word?
would
Most speech sounds are produced by pushing lung air through the
vocal cords
The opening between the vocal cords is the
glottis
The glottis is located in the
voice box or larynx
The tubular part of the throat above the larynx is the
pharynx
What people call the “mouth” linguists call the
oral cavity
The part of the face that includes the nose and the plumbing that connects it to the throat
nasal cavity
The tongue and lips are both capable of
rapid movement and shape changing
All of these body parts together make up the
vocal tract
The sounds of all languages fall into two classes
consonants and vowels
Sounds produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs
Consonants
In phonetics consonant and vowel refer to
types of sounds not letters
Where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs called the
place of articulation
We classify consonants according to
the place of articulation
What are the 8 places of articulation?
- Bilabial
- Labiodental
- Interdental
- Alveolar
- (alveo)palatal
- Velar
- Uvular
- Glottal
[p] [b] [m] are articulated where?
Bilabial (lips)
[f] [v] are articulated where?
Labiodental (by touching our bottom lip to our upper teeth)
[θ] and [ð] are articulated where?
Interdentals (pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue between the teeth, technically dental)
[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] are articulated where?
Alveolars (the alveolar ridge)
[t] [d] [n] the tongue tip is
raised and touches the ridge, or slightly in front of it
[s] and [z] the sides of the front of the tongue are
raised but the tip is lowered so that air escapes over it
[l] the tongue tip is
raised while the rest of the tongue remains down, permitting air to escape over it’s sides
[l] is called a ______ sound
lateral
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j] are articulated where?
palatals
[k] [g] [ŋ] are articulated where?
Velars (soft palate or velum)
[R] [q] [G] are articulated where?
Uvulars (by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula)
[h] and [?] are articulated where?
Glottals
[?] is called a
glottal stop
The way we describe speech sounds being affected by how the airstream flows, whether the vocal cords vibrate or not
Manner of articulation
When the vocal cords are apart so that air flows freely through the glottis
Voiceless
If the vocal cords are together the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate
Voiced
True or false
When you whisper all speech sounds are voiceless
True
The [p] in pit is
aspirated
When a brief puff of air escapes before the glottis closes
aspirated
The [p] in spit is
unaspirated
How can you test if a sound is aspirated or unaspirated?
Hold your hand in front of your mouth to feel for that puff of air
