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An Introduction To Language 10th ed > Ch. 2 Morphology > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology is about

A

Morphemes

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2
Q

Open class

A

Add new words

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3
Q

Closed class

A

Doesn’t add new words

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4
Q

Are function words open or closed class?

A

Closed

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5
Q

Are content words open or closed class?

A

Open

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6
Q

The smallest unit of a word that still caries meaning

A

Morphemes

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7
Q

Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs are what?

A

Content words

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8
Q

Prepositions, conjunctions, articles, modals, helping verbs, pronouns are what?

A

Function words

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9
Q

Could, would, should, what what type of words?

A

Modals

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10
Q

What is an example of a helping verb?

A

“to be” for example “he is eating” “is” is the helping verb.

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11
Q

Orthography

A

Spelling

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12
Q

How many F’s are in the blurb? FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.

A

6 F’s Most people skip the F’s in the 3 “of”s because the brain categorizes them differently and doesn’t immediately see them.

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13
Q

You can categorize morphemes by

A

bound or free

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14
Q

If a morpheme is free it means what? What part of [kaets] is a free morpheme?

A

A free morpheme means that it can stand alone, it doesn’t require another morpheme to make sense. [kaet]

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15
Q

If a morpheme is bound it means what? What part of [kaets] is a bound morpheme?

A

A bound morpheme means that it doesn’t exist by itself, it requires another morpheme to make sense. (affixes) [s]

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16
Q

An affix that goes inside a morpheme

A

Infixes

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17
Q

An affix that goes on either side of a morpheme like parentheses

A

Circumfix

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18
Q

In English how would you change a noun (record) to a verb?

A

Using inflection.

A record (N.) the stress is on “re”

Record (V.) the stress is on “cord”

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19
Q

How do we use infixes in English?

A

Un-fucking-believable

We only add infixes to words with swear words.

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20
Q

Discountinous morphemes

A

Circumfixes

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21
Q

In German the verb to love = lieb

Past tense = geliebt

This shows an example of what type of affix?

A

Circumfixes

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22
Q

These morphemes are an example of what?

  • s [3rd person singular present; she waits at home]
  • ed [past tense; she waited]
  • ing [progressive; she is eating the donut]
  • en [past participle; mary has eaten the donut]
  • s [plural; she ate the donuts]
  • ’s [possessive; Disa’s hair is short]
  • er [comparative; Disa has shorter hair than Karen]
  • est [superlative; Disa has the shortest hair]
A

Inflectional Morphemes

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23
Q

What are the 8 inflectional morphemes?

A
  • s
  • ed
  • ing
  • en
  • s
  • ’s
  • er
  • est
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24
Q

What are the derivational morphemes?

A

All morphemes that aren’t inflectional

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25
Q

The following things are typical of _______ morphemes?

  • Grammatical function
  • No word class change
  • Small or no meaning change
  • Often required by rules of grammar
  • Productive (can be used in a lot)
A

Inflectional Morphemes

Also, follow derivational morphemes in a word.

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26
Q

The following things are typical of _______ morphemes?

  • Lexical function
  • May cause word class change
  • Some meaning change
  • Never required by rules of grammar
  • Some productive, many nonproductive
A

Derivational Morphemes

Also, precede inflectional morphemes in a word.

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27
Q

This chart is the:

A

Classification of English Morphemes

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28
Q

What is missing from area 1?

A

(English) Morphemes

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29
Q

What is missing from area 2?

A

Bound

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30
Q

What is missing from area 3?

A

Free

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31
Q

What is missing from area 4?

A

Affix

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32
Q

What is missing from area 5?

A

Root

  • -cieve*
  • -mit*
  • -fer*
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33
Q

What is missing from area 6?

A

Open Class Words

  • (content or lexical words)*
  • nouns*
  • adjectives*
  • verbs*
  • adverbs*
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34
Q

What is missing from Area 7?

A

Closed class words

  • (function or grammatical words)*
  • conjunctions*
  • prepositions*
  • articles*
  • pronouns*
  • auxilary*
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35
Q

What is missing from area 8?

A

Derivational

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36
Q

What is missing from area 9?

A

Inflectional

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37
Q

What is missing from area 10?

A

Prefix

  • pre-*
  • con-*
  • un-*
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38
Q

What is missing from area 11?

A

Suffix

  • -ly*
  • -ist*
  • -ment*
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39
Q

What is missing from area 12?

A

Suffix

  • -ing*
  • -er*
  • -s*
  • -s*
  • -est*
  • -‘s*
  • -en*
  • -ed*
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40
Q

Who said:

“A powerful agent is the right word. Whenever we come upon one of those intensely right words… the resulting effect is physical as well as spiritual, and electrically prompt.”

A

Mark Twain

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41
Q

Knowing a word means knowing

A

that a particular sequence of sounds is associated with a particular meaning.

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42
Q

The Greek word for dictionary

What does it mean for us now?

A

Lexicon

(we use it to mean mental dictionary)

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43
Q

The relation between sound and meaning is a(n) ______ pairing.

A

Arbitrary

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44
Q

An example of an arbitrary relationship between sounds and meaning?

A

un petit d’un petit

Humpty Dumpty

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45
Q

Spelling

A

Orthography

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46
Q

Other info in your mental lexicon includes info such as:

A

what part of speech a word is, whether or not we consciously know it

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47
Q

Words that denote concepts such as objects, actions, attributes, and ideas that we can think about (like children, build, beautiful, seldom)

A

Content words

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48
Q

Words that specify grammatical relations, have little or no semantic content, no clear lexical meaning, or obvious concepts associated with them are

A

Function words

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49
Q

Content words are sometimes called the

A

open class

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50
Q

A class of words that we can and regularly do add new words to is

A

open class

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51
Q

When you know a word you know it’s

A

Sound (pronounciation) and meaning

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52
Q

Because the sound-meaning relation is arbitrary, it is possible to have words with the same sound and different _______

A

meaning

ex: bare, bear

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53
Q

Our mental lexicon knows the

A

grammatical category or syntactic class of a word

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54
Q

Traditionally called “parts of speech”; also called syntactic categories; expressions of the same grammatical category can generally substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality

A

Grammatical Category

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55
Q

The study of the structore of words; the component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation

A

Morphology

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56
Q

Rules for combining morphemes to form stems and words

A

Morphological Rules

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57
Q

Smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function

A

Morpheme

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58
Q

Word group that rarely - if ever - adds new words

A

Closed Class

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59
Q

When a speaker inadvertantly switches words in a sentence (i.e. the journal of the editor instead of the editor of the journal)

A

Slips of the tongue

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60
Q

Slips of the tongue have never been observed with what class of words?

A

Function words

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61
Q

In the early stages of talking children often omit ______ words from their sentences. (ex: _____)

A

Function words

Ex: Doggie barking

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62
Q

Phoneme that means “pertaining to sound”

A

phon

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63
Q

Prefix used to mean “not”

A

Un-

64
Q

The linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is

A

morpheme

65
Q

“In two words: im-possible”

A

Samuel Goldwyn

66
Q

If Samuel Goldwyn had taken a linguistics course he would have said:

A

“In two morphemes: im-possible”

67
Q

Morpheme is derived from the Greek word morphe meaning

A

form

68
Q

The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed is

A

morphology

69
Q

Morphology (the word itself) consits of

A

two morphemes

morph + ology

Ology means branch of knowledge

70
Q

The branch of knowledge concerning word forms

A

Morphology

71
Q

Also refers to our internal grammatical knowledge concerning the words of our language, and like most linguistic knowledge we are not consciously aware of it

A

Morphology

72
Q

A single word may be composed of ___________ morphemes

A

One or more

73
Q

A morpheme may be represented by _______

A

a single sound, single syllable, two syllables, three syllables, or four or more syllables

74
Q

A sound or gesture, typically a morpheme in a spoken language and a sign in a sign language, that has a form bound to a meaning in a single unit

A

Linguistic sign

(e.g. dog)

75
Q

Words containing only one morpheme

A

Monomorphemic word

76
Q

The meaning of a morpheme must be

A

Constant

77
Q

True or false

Morphemes can have different meanings but spelled the same way

A

True

ex: -er means “one who does” in painter
- er means “more” in prettier

78
Q

True or false

Two morphemes cannot have the same meaning but different forms

A

False

ex: -er and -ster have the same meaning but diff forms

singer and songster mean “one who sings”

79
Q

The concept of the morpheme is a ____ plus a _____ unit

A

sound plus a meaning unit

80
Q

The decomposition of words into morphemes illustrates one of the fundamental properties of human language

A

Discreteness

81
Q

_____ units combine to form ______

A

Sound units …. Morphemes

82
Q

Morphemes combine to form ______

A

Words

83
Q

Words combine to form ________

A

phrases and sentences

84
Q

True or false

Discreteness is not an important part of linguistic creativity

A

False

85
Q

“noisy crow” is an example of:

A

phrase consisting of adjective plus noun

86
Q

“scarecrow” is an example of

A

compound noun

87
Q

“the crow” is an example of

A

a grammatical morpheme followed by a lexical morpheme

88
Q

“crowlike” is an example of

A

a root morpheme plus derivational suffix

89
Q

“crows” is an example of

A

a root morpheme plus inflectional affix

90
Q

True or false

boy, desire, gentle, and man are examples of bound morphemes

A

False, they are free morphemes

91
Q

Morphemes that are not words by themselves but are always attached to other words

A

Bound morphemes

92
Q

An affix that occurs before other morphemes

A

Prefix

93
Q

An affix that occurs after other morphemes

A

Suffic

94
Q

True or false

In English we have an affix to derive a noun from a verb

A

False

95
Q

True or false

Turksih and Karuk have the same suffix -ak. It is intentional and has the same form and meaning.

A

False

Same form (sound) different meaning.

96
Q

Morphemes that are inserted into other morphemes

A

Infixes

97
Q

True or false

English is full of infixes

A

False

Our only infix is “swear words” “abso-fucking-lutely”

98
Q

Morphemes that are attached to a base morpheme both initially and finally.

A

Circumfixes

99
Q

Circumfix morphemes are sometimes called

A

discontinous morphemes

100
Q

morphologically complex words consist of a morpheme _____ and one or more affixes

A

root

101
Q

True or false

A root may not stand alone as a word

A

False

It may or may not

paint and read do; cieve and ling don’t

102
Q

When a root morpheme vis combined with an affix it forms a

A

Stem

103
Q

Any root or stem to which an affix is attached

A

Base

104
Q

ungainly, discern, nonplussed, downhearted are examples of what?

A

Bound roots

105
Q

When these morphemes are added to a base a new word with a new meaning is derived

A

Derivational morphemes

106
Q

The form that results from the addition of a derivational morpheme is called a

A

derived word

107
Q

Derivational morphemes have

A

clear semantic content

like content words but not words

108
Q

True or false

The derived word may also be a different grammatical class than the original word

A

True

109
Q

Derivational affixes appear to come in two classes.

In the first class the addition of a suffix ___________

In the second class they may be tacked onto a base word without _____________.

A
  1. Triggers subtle changes in pronunciation
  2. Affecting the pronunciation.

Affixes from the two classes cannot be used together in the same word.

110
Q

Morphemes that have strictly grammatical function that mark properties such as tense, number, person, and so forth

A

Inflectional morphemes

111
Q

Unlike derivational morphemes inflectional morphemes ______________ of the stems to which they are attached.

A

Never change the grammatical category

112
Q

These morphemes represent relationships between different parts of a sentence

For example, -s expresses the relationship between the verb and the 3rd person singular subject.

A

Inflectional morphemes

113
Q

These are examples of what morpheme?

  • s (3rd per. sing. present)
  • ed (past tense)
  • ing (progressive)
  • en (past participle)
  • s (plural)
  • ’s (possessive)
  • er (comparative)
  • est (superlative
A

Inflectional morphemes

114
Q

What are the 8 inflectional morphemes

A
  • s
  • ed
  • ing
  • en
  • s
  • ’s
  • er
  • est
115
Q

True or false

Inflectional and derivational morphemes are productive

A

False, just inflectional

116
Q

What does it mean for a morpheme to be productive?

A

They apply freely to nearly every appropriate base

117
Q

The grammatical relation of a noun in a sentence is called the _____ of the noun.

A

case

118
Q

When case is marked by inflectional morphemes the process is referred vto as

A

case morphology

119
Q

inflecting a word through the repetition of part or all of the word

A

reduplication

120
Q

Which morphemes have these traits

  • grammatical function
  • no word class change
  • small or no meaning change
  • often required by rules of grammar
  • follow ________ morphemes in a word
  • productive
A

Infectional morphemes

-follow derivational morphemes

121
Q

Which morphemes have these traits

  • lexical function
  • may cause word class change
  • some meaning change
  • never required by rules of grammar
  • precede by _______ morphemes in a word
  • some productive, many nonproductive
A

Derivational morphemes

precede inflectional morphemes

122
Q

What is the example tree diagram for unsystematic?

A

Unsystematic (adj)

/. \

un. systematic (adj)

/. \

system (n). atic

123
Q

Another word for irregular forms in grammar

A

Suppletive

124
Q

Words that comform to the rules of word formation but are not truly part of the vocabulary are called

A

Accidental gaps or lexical gaps

125
Q

Well-formed but nonexistent words

A

Accidental gaps

126
Q

A new word that enters the language because of an incorrect morphological analysis

A

Back formations

127
Q

“bikini” and “monokini” are an example of

A

a back formation

128
Q

True or false

Language purists love back formations

A

False, they sometimes rail against them

129
Q

Two or more words may be joined to form new

A

compound words

130
Q

Facebook, linkedin, android apps

are examples of

A

new compound words

131
Q

In english the rightmost word in a compound is the

A

head of the compound

132
Q

What kind of compounds are the most common in english?

A

two-word compounds

133
Q

True or false

The meaning of a compound is always the sum of it’s parts

A

False

ex: blackboard, redcoat, egghead

134
Q

True or false

Sign languages lack morphology

A

False

135
Q

True or false

Morphemes that sound the same always mean the same thing

A

False

ex: uglier (-er) and singer (-er)

means “more” and “one who”

136
Q

What are the inseperable parts of the linguistic sign?

A

Form and meaning

137
Q

The relationship between form and meaning is

A

arbitrary

138
Q

_____ morphemes stand alone, like girl or the

A

Free

139
Q

Open class free morphemes contain the

A

content words

140
Q

Closed class free morphemes contain the

A

function words

141
Q

Bound morphemes may be the

A

affixes or bound roots

142
Q

Affixes may be

A

prefixes, suffixes, infexes or circumfixes

143
Q

Affixes may be

A

derivational or inflectional

144
Q

Derivational affixes

A

derive new words

145
Q

Inflectional affixes

A

make grammatical changes to words

146
Q

Complex words contain a ____ around which _____ are built by affixation

A

root … stems

147
Q

True or false

Words have a heirarchical structure as evidenced by ambiguous words such as unlockable

un+lockable ‘unable to be unlocked’

unlock+able ‘able to be unlocked’

A

True

148
Q

If a morphological rule is a productive it means

A

they can apply freely to the appropriate stem

149
Q

________ morphology is extremely productive

A

inflectional

150
Q

Suppletive forms escape inflectional morphology. Give an example.

A

Instead of ‘mans’ we say ‘men’

151
Q

_______ are formed by uniting two or more root words in a single word

A

compounds

152
Q

the head of the compound is

A

the rightmost word and bears the basic meaning

153
Q

Back-formations are words created by

A

misinterpreting an affix look-alike

154
Q

True or false

The grammars of sign languages also include a morphological componenet consisting of a root, derivational and inflectional sign morphemes, and the rules for their combination

A

True

155
Q

The process of identifying form-meaning units in a language, taking into account small differences in pronunciation, so that prefixes in- and -im are seen to be variants of the “same” prefix in english

A

Morphological analysis

An Introduction To Language 10th ed (6 decks)

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