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An Introduction To Language 10th ed > Ch. 3 Syntax > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

To grammar even kings bow

A

JB Moliere

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2
Q

Any speaker of any human language can produce and understand

A

An infinite number of sentences

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3
Q

Sentences are composed of discrete units that are combined by

A

Rules

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4
Q

The part of grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of sentences and their structures is called

A

Syntax

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5
Q

The ________ combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences.

A

Rules of syntax

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6
Q

The syntax rules determine

A

The correct word order for a language

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7
Q

English is a _____ language

A

Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)

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8
Q

Is the following sentence grammatical?

The President nominated a new Supreme Court justice

A

Yes

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9
Q

Is the following sentence grammatical?

President the Supreme new justice Court a nominated

A

No

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10
Q

A second important role of the syntax is to

A

Describe the relationship between the meaning of a particular group of words and the arrangement of the words

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11
Q

Do the following sentences have the same semantical meaning?

  1. I mean what I say.
  2. I say what I mean.
A

No

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12
Q

The rules of the syntax also specify the _______ of a sentence. Such as subject and direct object

A

Grammatical relations

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13
Q

Hierarchical diagrams used to illustrate sentence structures

A

Tree Diagrams

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14
Q

The phenomenon in which the same sequence of words has two or more meanings accounted for by different phrase structure analyses

A

Structural ambiguity

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15
Q

The rules of syntax permit speakers to

A

produce and understand a limitless number of sentences never produced or heard before

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16
Q

True or False

Sentences can be grammatical even if they are difficult to interpret.

A

True

ex: Jabberwocky

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17
Q

The syntactic rules that permit us to produce, understand, and make grammaticality judgements are

A

unconscious rules

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18
Q

The grammar is a ______ different from the ______ that we are taught in school.

A

Mental grammar… prescriptive grammar

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19
Q

What type of speech is “the” in a tree diagram?

A

Determiner

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20
Q

What is the tree structure for “the child found a puppy”

A 
S
/ \
NP           VP
/       \        / \
Det  N.   V.             NP
|.       |.     |.             /.  \
the. child found  det. N
                            |       |
                           a.     puppy
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21
Q

The natural groupings or parts of a sentence are called

A

constituents

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22
Q

The following three tests are for what?

  1. Stand alone test
  2. Replacement by a pronoun
  3. Move as a unit
A

To reveal the constituents of a sentence

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23
Q

The hierarchically arranged syntactic units such as noun phrase and verb phrase that underlie every sentence

A

Constituent structure

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24
Q

Experimental evidence has shown that speakers do not mentally represent sentences as strings of words, but rather in terms of

A

constituents

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25
Q

What was an experiment that proved we hear sentences in constituents?

A

The clicking test

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26
Q

A family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality is called

A

a syntactic category

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27
Q

Characteristics of a Noun Phrase

A
  • may function as subjects or as objects
  • often contains determiner and a noun
  • may contain proper name, a pronoun, a noun without a determiner, or a clause or sentence
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28
Q

You can use the following three sentences to check what?
“what/who I heard was ______”
“who found ______?”
“______ was seen by everyone”

A

To test if a phrase is a noun phrase

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29
Q

You can use the following sentence to check what?

“the child ______”

A

To test is a phrase is a verb phrase

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30
Q

True or false

Slept is a verb phrase

A

True

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31
Q

True or false

A Bird is a verb phrase

A

False

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32
Q

True or false

The red banjo is a noun phrase

A

True

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33
Q

True or false

Went is a noun phrase

A

False

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34
Q

NP, VP, AdjP, PP, and AdvP are what?

A

Phrasal categories

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35
Q

N, V, P, Adj, Adv are what?

A

Lexical categories

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36
Q

a, the, and demonstratives such as this, that, these, those are in what category?

A

Determiner

37
Q

Determiners are what category?

A

Functional

38
Q

All languages have

A

syntactic categories

39
Q

A point in a tree where branches join

A

a node

40
Q

We refer to categories under the same node as

A

sisters

41
Q

When you have an adjective you need to utilize what theory?

A

X bar

42
Q

A tree diagram with syntactic category information is called a

A

Phrase structure tree (PS) or a Constituent structure tree

43
Q

PS trees represent three aspects of a speaker’s syntactic knowledge

A
  1. the linear order of the words in a sentence
  2. the identification of the syntactic categories of words and groups of words
  3. the hierarchical organization of the syntactic categories as determined by the x-bar schema
44
Q

Categories that are immediately dominated by the same node are

A

sisters

45
Q

The _____ of a sentence is the NP immediately dominated by __ and the _______ is the NP immediately dominated by __.

A

subject … S … direct object … V

46
Q

A verb that requires an NP complement

A

Transitive verb (dependent)

47
Q

A verb that cannot take an NP complement

A

Intransitive verb (independent)

48
Q

The information about the complement types selected by particular verbs and other lexical items is called

A

c-selection or subcategorization

c stands for categorial

49
Q

A verb also includes in it’s lexical entry a specification that requires certain semantic properties of its subjects and complements, just as it selects for syntactic categories.

A

S-Selection (s stands for semantic)

50
Q

An example of s-selection

A

the verb murder requires its subject and object to be animate

51
Q

The well formedness of a phrase depends on at least two factors

A
  1. whether the phrase conforms to the structural constraints of the language as expressed in the x-bar schema
  2. whether it obeys the selectional requirements of the head (c-selection and s-selection)
52
Q

The info presented in the PS tree and by the x-bar schema can also be conveyed by another formal device

A

phrase structure rules

53
Q

True or false

PS rules specify the well formed structures of a particular language precisely and concisely

A

True

54
Q

A rule that repeats itself

A

Recursive rule

55
Q

A _____ is defined structurally as sister to the head X.

A

complement

56
Q

A sentence asserting that a situation will happen

A

Declarative sentences

57
Q

A sentence asking whether or not a situation will happen

A

Yes-no questions

58
Q

A formal device that relocates the material in a sentence

A

Move or a transformational rule

59
Q

The basic structures of sentences (the bottom of a tree)

A

deep structures or d-structures

60
Q

The derived structures of sentences (top level of a tree)

A

surface structures or s-structures

61
Q

We call the points of variation

A

parameters

62
Q

True or false

In ASL they do not use S-V-O

A

False, ASL uses SVO

63
Q

Phrase structure trees reflect the speaker’s

A

mental representation of a sentence

64
Q

Ambiguous sentences may have

A

more than one PS tree

65
Q

The hierarchical structure of phrasal categories is

A

universal

66
Q

A formally stated explicit description of the mental grammar or the speakers linguistic competence

A

Grammar

67
Q

The knowledge that a speaker has about the vocabulary of his or her language

A

Lexicon

68
Q

Lexicon contains

A

Semantic and syntactic information

69
Q

UG specifies that syntactic rules are

A

structure dependent

70
Q

Constituency test

A
  1. Replacement by pronoun
  2. move as a unit
  3. stand alone test
71
Q

What phrase is the subject?

A

Noun phrase

72
Q

What phrase is the predicate?

A

Verb phrase

73
Q

Verb that needs help (dependent)

A

transitive

74
Q

Verb that doesn’t need help (independent)

A

intransitive

75
Q

True or false

PS trees can have 2 or more branches

A

False, only 2

76
Q

Constituency is important to know if a sentence is

A

grammatically correct

77
Q

Chunking helps us to read/comprehend because

A

we process in chunks, not word by word but group by group

78
Q

Prepositions give us info about

A

location/direction

79
Q

The new theory that allows us to add additional layers to a tree, that we previously were unable to do

A

X-bar theory

80
Q

Knowing that the 3rd person singular requires “s” on verb to be grammatical is an example of what selection?

(ex: he sleeps late)

A

C-selection/subcategorization

81
Q

Knowing that you can’t grammatically say “I murdered an ant” is an example of what selection?

A

S-selection/ semantic selection

82
Q

True or false

If a sentence is ambiguous you just make one tree based off your understanding of it

A

False, it requires more than one tree

83
Q

Surface or linear structure is

A

the regular sentence

84
Q

Deep structure is

A

the tree

85
Q

Rules in syntax are what happens in deep structure to get to

A

surface structure

86
Q

CP =

A

complementizer phrase

87
Q

What types of words signify a complementizer phrase?

A

If/Whether

88
Q

A verb whose complement contains a NP and a PP

ex: give in “he gave a cat to sally”

A

Di-transitive verb

An Introduction To Language 10th ed (6 decks)

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