Ch. 5 Mood Disorders

Question 1

DSM-5-TR criteria for major depressive disorder

Answer 1

• sad mood or loss of interest and pleasure (anhedonia)
  at least 5 symptoms total
• symptoms are present nearly everyday, most of the day, for at least two weeks
• distinct and more severe than a normative response to a significant loss
• episodic: episodes of depression that dissipate over time
• recurrent

Question 2

symptoms of MDD

Answer 2

• sleeping (too much / too little)
• psychomotor retardation or agitation
  movements are too slow / too fast
• poor appetite and weight loss or increases appetite and weight gain
• loss of energy
• feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
• difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions
• recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
  not chronic

Question 3

DSM-5-TR criteria for persistent depressive disorder

Answer 3

• depressed mood at least two years (1 for children / adolescents)
• plus two
• symptoms do not clear for more than two months
• bipolar disorders are not present

Question 4

symptoms of PDD

Answer 4

• poor appetite or overeating
• sleeping too much or too little
• low energy
• poor self-esteem
• trouble concentrating or making decisions
  ADHD
• feelings of hopelessness

Question 5

etiology of depression

Answer 5

• depression is common
• 2X as common for women; 3X as common among those in poverty
• prevalence varies across cultures
• symptoms vary across cultures

Question 6

depression is common

Answer 6

• lifetime prevalence: 16.2% MDD; 5% depressed for 2+ years
• coming from within oneself

Question 7

depression for women / poverty

Answer 7

• more diagnosed in women
• poverty: growing up in it; their reality and everything revolves around this status

Question 8

depression across cultures

Answer 8

• MDD: 6.5% in China; 21% in France
• cultural factors play important roles in depression rates
• may not be appropriate to display
• somatic symptoms (pain, fatigue)
• Racial / Ethnic minorities in the US face a lot of stressors

Question 9

depression age of onset

Answer 9

early 20s; substantial decrease over past 50 years

Question 10

depression comorbidity

Answer 10

• 5-30% with MDD experience PDD
• 60% with MDD will meet criteria for anxiety disorder at some point

Question 11

bipolar disorders

Answer 11

• severity and duration of mania defining feature of:
  Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and cyclothymia (emotional ups / downs)
• mania
• episode of depression (not required for BP I)

Question 12

mania

Answer 12

state of intense elation, irritability, or activation
- hypomania – less time, usually no significant impairment

Question 13

DSM-5-TR criteria for manic & hypomanic disorders

Answer 13

• elevated / irritated mood
• abnormally increased activity / energy
• personal stress & functional impairment
• plus 3 others (4 if irritable)
• symptoms present daily, for most of the day

Question 14

symptoms of manic & hypomanic disorders

Answer 14

• increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
• rapid speech
• racing thoughts
• decreased need for sleep (differentiation between drug use)
• increased self-esteem / grandiosity
• distractibility
• excessive involvement in risky behaviors

Question 15

mania symptom criteria

Answer 15

• symptom duration at least one week, require hospitalization, or include psychosis
• significant distress or functional impairment
• physiology shows differences in bodily wear and tear

Question 16

hypomania symptom criteria

Answer 16

• symptom duration at least four days
• observable changes in functioning, but no marked impairment
• no psychosis

Question 17

DSM-5-TR criteria for bipolar I

Answer 17

• at least one depressive episode or mania
• not due to drugs or psychosis
• super intense mania with / without depression
• history of major depressive episodes (not required)

Question 18

DSM-5-TR criteria for bipolar II

Answer 18

• at least one major depressive episode
• at least one episode of hypomania
  less intense; 4 days
• no mania

Question 19

DSM-5-TR criteria for cyclothymic disorder

Answer 19

• milder and more chronic form of BP
• symptoms last at least two years in adults (one in children / adolescents)
• numerous periods with hypomanic or major depressive episode
  does not meet criteria for hypomania or major depressive episode
  symptoms consistent for more than two months at a time, and cause significant stress / impairment
• less is known relative to other mood disorders

Question 20

epidemiology & consequences of BP disorders

Answer 20

• prevalence lower than MDD
  1% in US, 0.6% worldwide for BP I, 0.4 - 2% for BP II
  4% cyclothymia
• average onset in the 20s
• no sex differences in rates, but depression more common in women
• severe mental illness
  15% unemployed full-time in past year
  suicide rates high (1:4 report attempts)