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Abnormal Psychology > Ch. 2 Approaches in Psychopathology > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Approaches in Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

current thinking of psychopathology

A
  • integrative and multifaceted
  • interdisciplinary focus
  • informed by clinicians and researchers
  • no one offers the “best” conceptualization; each informs causes and treatment
  • cause and treatment is uniquely social unlike medical practices such as Cardiovascular Surgery
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2
Q

genetic influences

A
  • to some degree, all behavior is heritable
  • behaviorists wanted to learn about the consequences of behavior among the environments
  • genes are not in isolation from environment
  • environments shape how genes are expressed AND
  • genes shape the environment
  • relationship between genes and environment is bidirectional
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3
Q

genes

A

piece of the whole DNA within chromosome

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4
Q

gene expression

A

whether or not we physically express info on genes

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5
Q

polygenic

A

multiple genes are involved and contribute

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6
Q

heritability

A

extent to which trait is transmitted genetically

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7
Q

epigenetics

A

everything but genetic code that influence gene expression
- on and off switch
ex. stress response

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8
Q

shared environment

A

income, child-rearing practices, marital status, and quality

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9
Q

nonshared environment

A

unique to each family member

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10
Q

behavioral genetics

A

study of the degree to which genes and environments influence behavior
- how much do genes and environments influence
- genotype vs. phenotype

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11
Q

genotype

A

having a gene for a particular trait or disorder
ex. having gene for breast cancer, but not getting it based on an environmental factor

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12
Q

phenotype

A

what is seen; what manifests

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13
Q

molecular genetics

A

identifies functions of genes
- identifies differences in sequence and structures of genes between people
- alleles
- polymorphism

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14
Q

alleles

A

different form of the same gene

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15
Q

polymorphism

A

a single difference in DNA on a gene occurring in a particular population

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16
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms

A

difference between people in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence of a particular gene
- SNPs

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17
Q

copy number variations

A

abnormal copy of one or more sections of DNA within the gene
- differences in gene structure
- additions or deletions

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18
Q

genome-wide association studies

A
  • key method to examine SNPs and CNVs
  • SNPs are tools
  • can identify variations within a population of a single gene sequence
  • isolate difference between those with and without disorder
  • psychological disorders involve many genes
  • Brainstorm Consortium international study
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19
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

sensitivity to environmental event is influenced by genes
ex. stress; how long and short your fuse is and how long and short a burn is coming back to normal level
- epigenetics

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20
Q

epigenetics

A

studies how environments can alter genetic expression or function
- animal studies show that epigenetic effects transmit generationally
ex. Rwanda Genocides → stress hormone crosses into utero, DNA methylation causes dysregulated stress response
- look Quasi-experimentally

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21
Q

challenges of genetic influences

A
  • genes and environments are reciprocally related
    the same genes can react differently in the same environment
  • this relationships is incredibly complex
    what does consciousness allow us to do? Remember and approach our goals while being able to make adjustments to environmental changes
  • genetic vulnerability increases risk broadly for multiple disorders
    diagnostic model is based on symptoms but medicine uses an etiology approach (looks at cause)
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22
Q

neuroscience influences

A
  • neurons and neurotransmitters
  • structure-function relationships
  • autonomic nervous system
  • neuroendocrine system
  • immune system
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23
Q

neuron

A
  • a single nerve cell
  • the unit of neural communication
  • soma, dendrite, axon, terminal button
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24
Q

soma

A

cell body that contains nucleus

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25
Q

dendrite

A

receivers of neuron messages

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26
Q

axon

A

long, processes coming out of soma
-mylin aids speeding the process of messages up

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27
Q

terminal button

A

place where receiving neuron becomes sending neurons

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28
Q

synapse

A

small gap between two neurons where the nerve signal passes electrically or chemically from the axon of the first to the dendrites, cell body, or axon of the second

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29
Q

golgi apparatus

A

packages neurotransmitters into vesicles and releases them that attach to begin at the soma

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30
Q

neurontransmitters

A

chemical substances important in transferring a nerve impulse from one neuron to another; messages
- merge with presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane picks them up

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31
Q

receptor sites

A

excitatory → tell the next neuron to fire
inhibitory → tell the next neuron to stop firing

32
Q

reuptake

A
  • excess of neurotransmitters are sucked back up to save for next transmission
  • waste is removed
33
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A
  • serotonin and dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)
34
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A
  • serotonin and dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)
35
Q

serotonin and dopamine

A

depression, mania, schizophrenia

36
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • sympathetic nervous system (high arousal)
  • anxiety and stress-related conditions
37
Q

gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)

A
  • inhibitory
  • anxiety
38
Q

neurotransmitters and psychopathology

A
  • excessive or inadequate levels
  • reverse inference
  • synthesis problems at metabolic level
  • insufficient reuptake
  • faulty receptors
39
Q

brain structure

A
  • white matter
  • grey matter
  • ventricles
40
Q

white matter

A
  • connective tissue
  • fibers that connect cortical and subcortical areas
  • myelinated axons
  • subcortical
  • autonomic functions → metabolism and hormone regulation, emotional regulation, drug addiction
41
Q

grey matter

A
  • cortical surface → cell bodies
  • frontal , parietal, occipital, temporal lobes
  • messages being sent
  • perception, sensation, thinking
42
Q

subcortical brain structures

A
  • hippocampus
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • anterior cingulate
  • critical to emotional autonomic well-being
43
Q

hippocampus

A

putting memories in sequence; memory

44
Q

hypothalamus

A

the structure that regulates many visceral processes, including metabolism, temperature, perspiration, blood pressure, sleeping, and appetite.

45
Q

amygdala

A

involved in attention to emotionally salient stimuli and memory of emotionally relevant events

46
Q

anterior cingulate

A

affects regulation and decision making

47
Q

ventricles

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

48
Q

brain development

A

first trimester of pregnancy – early adulthood
- pruning
eliminate excess so others can become stronger and faster
some synaptic connections are eliminated
- those that are left are faster and more efficient
- late adolescence research has shown synaptic pruning contributes to schizophrenia

49
Q

current brain research

A
  • connectivity > functions of isolated regions
  • structural: white matter
  • functional: bold (blood oxygen level) signals measured with fMRI
  • effective: direction and timing of activity
  • brain networks across different regions and their relationships to psychopathology
50
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • innervates endocrine glands (hormones), the heart, and smooth muscles
  • very quick and flexible responding to the environment without conscious awareness
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
51
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight
- cortisol is related to heart disease; saturated bodies, corrosive
- body reacts the same to all stressful events

52
Q

parasympathetic

A

calm down

53
Q

ANS & anxiety disorders

A
  • heavily implicated
  • more finely attuned to environment; more likely to interpret ambiguous situations as threatening
  • stress affects nervous system which is connected to immune system
54
Q

neuroendocrine system

A
  • the HPA axis
  • important to both mental and physical health
  • cortisol: 20-40 minutes to peak, 1 hour to recover
  • chronic stress → serious problem
55
Q

HPA axis

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • amygdala
56
Q

immune system

A
  • array of cells and proteins that activate in response to infection and stress
  • cytokines (a protein) initiate responses to infection
  • fatigue, inflammation, activation of HPA axis
  • linked to depression and schizophrenia
57
Q

neuroscience approaches to treatment

A
  • psychiatric drugs
  • non-biological interventions influence brain functioning
    psychotherapy
    neurofeedback, biofeedback
58
Q

evaluation of neuroscience approaches

A
  • significant process in recent decades
  • reductionism is a major challenge
    focusing in at specific areas and functions, need to know all of the pieces
59
Q

cognitive behavioral approaches

A
  • learning principles and cognitive science
  • to change behavior, modify consequences
    ex. a child is afraid of the dark, most parents soothe the child → why is the child crying? Think about elements of environment that encourage or discourage crying
  • are they actually anxious or displaying behavior to receive the reinforcement they want?
60
Q

cognitive science

A

cognition
- perceiving, recognizing, judging, reasoning
- computer and brains might be similar
schema
- organized network of knowledge (i.e., working model)
- assimilation and accommodation
i’ll forget about it, changing view of having straight As and what it means
- role of attention in psychopathology
how we live our lives

61
Q

role of the unconscious

A
  • implicit memory
  • latent learning
  • implicit memory deficits with social anxiety and depression
62
Q

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

A
  • focuses on adjusting thoughts, perceptions, judgments, self-statements, and unconscious assumptions
  • cognitive restructuring
    changing patterns of thought
    leads to changing feelings, behaviors, and symptoms
63
Q

beck’s cognitive therapy

A
  • developed for depression to address distorted perceptions
  • collaborative (patient ←→ therapist)
  • “third Wave” treatments focus on spirituality, values, emotion, and acceptance
    dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy
64
Q

evaluation of cognitive behavior influences

A
  • limited explanatory value
  • thoughts thought to cause features of disorder
  • what sustains negative schemas?
65
Q

socioemotional influences

A
  • expressive, behavioral, physiological
  • sociocultural
  • interpersonal
66
Q

emotions

A
  • organize thoughts and actions, influence responses, guide behavior
  • 85% disorders include disturbance in emotional processing
    -short-lived
  • moods are emotional experiences that endure
67
Q

components of emotion response

A
  • expressive
  • experiential
  • psychological
  • most disorders include disturbances in one or more areas
68
Q

expressive

A

behavioral and facial expressions

69
Q

experiential

A

subjective feelings and self-report

70
Q

psychological

A

changes in the body accompanying emotion

71
Q

ideal affect

A

what we want to feel
- culturally dependent:
western:☺
east asian: calm
- linked to drug use:
US → cocaine and amphetamine addiction
china → heroin addiction

72
Q

sociocultural factors & psychopathology

A
  • gender, race, culture, ethnicity, SES
  • environmental factors can trigger, exacerbate, or maintain symptoms that make up disorders
  • culture influences symptom expression, availability of treatment, and the willingness to seek treatment
73
Q

interpersonal factors

A

relationship quality exerts enormous influence
- closeness, support, absence of hostility
- social support influences the course of psychopathology
- role of trauma, serious life events, and stress

74
Q

interpersonal therapy (IBT)

A

focus on impact of current relationships on psychopathology
- unresolved grief
- role transitions
- role disputes
- social deficits
couples and family therapy focus on relationship dynamics

75
Q

evaluation of socio emotional factors

A
  • integrative and multifaceted
    genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental
  • challenge is to determine causal relationships among contributing factors
    unimaginably complex

Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

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