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Abnormal Psychology > Ch. 1 Intro & Historical Review > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Intro & Historical Review Flashcards

1
Q

abnormal psychology

A

field of psychology devoted to the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorder

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2
Q

stigma

A

destructive beliefs and attitudes that are held by society that are ascribed to groups considered “different”
- no one is immune
- psychological disorders receive the most despite advances of learning about their origins

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3
Q

four characteristics of stigma

A
  • distinguishing label is applied
  • label refers to undesirable attributes
  • people with the label are seen as different
  • people with the label are discriminated against
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4
Q

DSM-5-TR qualifications for a disorder

A
  • the disorder occurs within the individual
  • it involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving
  • it usually involves personal distress of some sort
  • it involves dysfunction in psychological, developmental, and/or neurobiological processes that support mental functioning
  • it is not a culturally specific reaction to an event
  • it is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society
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5
Q

three characteristics of a psychological disorder

A
  • personal distress
  • violation of social norms
  • disability and dysfunction
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6
Q

supernatural explanation

A
  • China, Egypt, Babylonia, Hebrews, and Ancient Greece
  • displeasure of gods or possession by demons
    gods were in control of crops successfulness, birth of children
  • housed within the brain
    drilling into the head would allow demons to be released
  • practice of dissection was inappropriate
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7
Q

early biological explanations

A
  • hippocrates
  • broke from supernatural explanations and focused on brain pathology
  • first discussion of balance within the body
  • mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever)
  • balance of four humors or substances located in the body (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm)
  • 7 centuries; 700 years
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8
Q

early biological treatment

A
  • bloodletting
  • intentional use of leeches
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9
Q

dark ages

A
  • 2nd century AD
  • marked by the death of Galen (2nd Century Greek physician)
  • christian monasteries replaced physicians as healers
  • return to belief of supernatural causes
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10
Q

dark ages treatments

A
  • cared and prayed for by monks
  • touched by relics
  • potions in the waning phases of the moon
  • driven my symptoms rather than etiology
    starting with symptoms is problematic
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11
Q

lunacy trials

A
  • 13th Century England
  • cities of Europe grew larger
  • mental health: orientation, memory, intellect, daily life, habits
  • municipal authorities assumed responsibility for care of people in hospitals
  • all done under the auspices of the Crown’s right to protect the people.
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12
Q

priory of st. mary of bethlehem

A
  • 1243
  • “side shows”
  • aristocracy would tour and buy souvenirs
  • origin term of “Bedlam” meaning asylum
  • did not change beds; feces and urine, disease ridden
  • breeding ground for making people sicker
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13
Q

treatment in asylums

A
  • non-existent or harmful
  • benjamin rush recommended bloodletting and terrifying patients into sanity
    idea of exposure therapy
    he founded American Psychiatric Association
  • treatment showed how society viewed them
  • society itself needed protection from the mentally ill people
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14
Q

philippe pinel

A
  • 1745-1826
  • humane treatment in asylums; moral treatment
  • compassion and dignity
  • reserved for the upper class
  • patient to staff ratio was not accommodating to lower classes
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15
Q

moral treatment

A
  • small, privately funded humanitarian mental hospitals
  • purposeful activities (e.g., gardening, drawing, music)
  • spoke with attendants; included patients in conversation
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16
Q

dorothea dix

A
  • 1802-1887
  • worked to establish 32 new public hospitals to take people unable to pay for private hospitals
  • small staffs could not provide necessary individual attention that was the hallmark of moral treatment
17
Q

early biological approaches

A

general paresis and syphilis

18
Q

general paresis and syphilis

A
  • link demonstrated how biological cause could contribute to mental symptoms
  • general paresis involved deterioration of mental and physical abilities, and progressive paralysis
  • some victims also had syphilis
  • 1905: causal link between infection, brain damage, and psychopathology
  • biological causes gained credibility
19
Q

frances gulton

A
  • 1822-1911
  • genetic research with twins → belief that mental illness is inherited
  • dominant paradigm; point of view → hereditary
    airborne theory of illness → germ theory
  • no surgical instruments were washed or sterilized between surgeries or procedures
  • cousin of charles darwin (a botanist)
  • eugenics movement: forced sterilization of those with “undesirable characteristics” made into law by many states
    both men and women
  • WWII, Disability, Race, Gender
20
Q

biological treatments

A
  • insulin-coma therapy
  • electroconvulsive therapy (still used today)
  • prefrontal lobotomy
21
Q

insulin-coma therapy

A
  • a way of calming one down
  • sakel 1930s
22
Q

prefrontal / transorbital lobotomy

A
  • moniz, 1935
  • destruction of tracts (cortical to subcortical areas) connecting frontal lobes to other brain areas
  • “controlled” violent behaviors, resulting in listlessness, apathy, and loss of cognitive abilities → calmness, ultimate goal
  • won the Nobel Peace Prize
23
Q

early psychological approaches

A
  • mesmer
  • charcot
  • bruer
  • freud
24
Q

mesmer

A
  • 1734-1815
  • early disruption of a universal magnetic fluid in the body; used magnets to influence fluids to induce behavioral change
    early hypnosis and first “pop-psychology”
  • connections to upper class; held parties to help people with madness for a show
  • brought out the idea of social influence
25
Q

charcot

A
  • 1825-1893
  • helped to legitimize hypnosis as a treatment
  • resulted people surviving in more surgeries
  • mindfulness in today’s society
  • before this, psychology was not accepted as a real science
26
Q

bruer

A
  • 1842-1925
  • anna o received the cathartic method (via hypnosis), which is the release of emotional tension triggered by expressing forgotten trauma
  • avoid intense emotion; crying, exclamation
    emotional and behavioral restraint was critical
27
Q

freud

A
  • unconscious conflicts between id, ego, and superego generates anxiety that result in defense mechanisms to protect the ego
  • early, sexual, traumatic experiences
  • Id, ego, superego
  • psychoanalysis is a particular way of listening to a patient’s story to reveal the true backstory and finding the deeper meaning and connections
28
Q

Id

A

present at birth, biological, and unconscious, seeks immediate gratification

29
Q

ego

A

primarily conscious, mediates between demands of reality and the id’s demands for immediate gratification

30
Q

superego

A

the conscience develops as we incorporate parental and societal values

31
Q

psychoanalytic therapy

A
  • goal was to understand early childhood experiences, the nature of key relationships, and patterns in current relationships
    -transference
    patient responds to analyst in similar ways as important past relationships
  • biggest weakness
32
Q

the legacy of freud

A
  • childhood experiences do shape adult personality and relationships
  • modern look at development of stress response
  • there are unconscious influences on behavior
  • causes and purposes of behavior are not always obvious
33
Q

rise of behaviorism

A
  • focus on observable behavior with an emphasis on learning
  • foundation of behavioral therapy
  • not covering: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling
34
Q

importance of cognition

A
  • rose in popularity during the 1960s
  • how we think about a situation influences our feelings and behaviors
    development of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
  • how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders
  • focus is on becoming more aware of maladaptive thoughts
  • changing cognitions to change feelings, behaviors, and symptoms
  • biopsychosocial approach sees maladaptive thoughts as circuits in the brain

Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

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