Ch. 1 Intro & Historical Review Flashcards
1
Q
abnormal psychology
A
field of psychology devoted to the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorder
2
Q
stigma
A
destructive beliefs and attitudes that are held by society that are ascribed to groups considered “different”
- no one is immune
- psychological disorders receive the most despite advances of learning about their origins
3
Q
four characteristics of stigma
A
- distinguishing label is applied
- label refers to undesirable attributes
- people with the label are seen as different
- people with the label are discriminated against
4
Q
DSM-5-TR qualifications for a disorder
A
- the disorder occurs within the individual
- it involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving
- it usually involves personal distress of some sort
- it involves dysfunction in psychological, developmental, and/or neurobiological processes that support mental functioning
- it is not a culturally specific reaction to an event
- it is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society
5
Q
three characteristics of a psychological disorder
A
- personal distress
- violation of social norms
- disability and dysfunction
6
Q
supernatural explanation
A
- China, Egypt, Babylonia, Hebrews, and Ancient Greece
- displeasure of gods or possession by demons
gods were in control of crops successfulness, birth of children - housed within the brain
drilling into the head would allow demons to be released - practice of dissection was inappropriate
7
Q
early biological explanations
A
- hippocrates
- broke from supernatural explanations and focused on brain pathology
- first discussion of balance within the body
- mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever)
- balance of four humors or substances located in the body (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm)
- 7 centuries; 700 years
8
Q
early biological treatment
A
- bloodletting
- intentional use of leeches
9
Q
dark ages
A
- 2nd century AD
- marked by the death of Galen (2nd Century Greek physician)
- christian monasteries replaced physicians as healers
- return to belief of supernatural causes
10
Q
dark ages treatments
A
- cared and prayed for by monks
- touched by relics
- potions in the waning phases of the moon
- driven my symptoms rather than etiology
starting with symptoms is problematic
11
Q
lunacy trials
A
- 13th Century England
- cities of Europe grew larger
- mental health: orientation, memory, intellect, daily life, habits
- municipal authorities assumed responsibility for care of people in hospitals
- all done under the auspices of the Crown’s right to protect the people.
12
Q
priory of st. mary of bethlehem
A
- 1243
- “side shows”
- aristocracy would tour and buy souvenirs
- origin term of “Bedlam” meaning asylum
- did not change beds; feces and urine, disease ridden
- breeding ground for making people sicker
13
Q
treatment in asylums
A
- non-existent or harmful
- benjamin rush recommended bloodletting and terrifying patients into sanity
idea of exposure therapy
he founded American Psychiatric Association - treatment showed how society viewed them
- society itself needed protection from the mentally ill people
14
Q
philippe pinel
A
- 1745-1826
- humane treatment in asylums; moral treatment
- compassion and dignity
- reserved for the upper class
- patient to staff ratio was not accommodating to lower classes
15
Q
moral treatment
A
- small, privately funded humanitarian mental hospitals
- purposeful activities (e.g., gardening, drawing, music)
- spoke with attendants; included patients in conversation
16
Q
dorothea dix
A
- 1802-1887
- worked to establish 32 new public hospitals to take people unable to pay for private hospitals
- small staffs could not provide necessary individual attention that was the hallmark of moral treatment
17
Q
early biological approaches
A
general paresis and syphilis
18
Q
general paresis and syphilis
A
- link demonstrated how biological cause could contribute to mental symptoms
- general paresis involved deterioration of mental and physical abilities, and progressive paralysis
- some victims also had syphilis
- 1905: causal link between infection, brain damage, and psychopathology
- biological causes gained credibility
19
Q
frances gulton
A
- 1822-1911
- genetic research with twins → belief that mental illness is inherited
- dominant paradigm; point of view → hereditary
airborne theory of illness → germ theory - no surgical instruments were washed or sterilized between surgeries or procedures
- cousin of charles darwin (a botanist)
- eugenics movement: forced sterilization of those with “undesirable characteristics” made into law by many states
both men and women - WWII, Disability, Race, Gender
20
Q
biological treatments
A
- insulin-coma therapy
- electroconvulsive therapy (still used today)
- prefrontal lobotomy
21
Q
insulin-coma therapy
A
- a way of calming one down
- sakel 1930s
22
Q
prefrontal / transorbital lobotomy
A
- moniz, 1935
- destruction of tracts (cortical to subcortical areas) connecting frontal lobes to other brain areas
- “controlled” violent behaviors, resulting in listlessness, apathy, and loss of cognitive abilities → calmness, ultimate goal
- won the Nobel Peace Prize
23
Q
early psychological approaches
A
- mesmer
- charcot
- bruer
- freud
24
Q
mesmer
A
- 1734-1815
- early disruption of a universal magnetic fluid in the body; used magnets to influence fluids to induce behavioral change
early hypnosis and first “pop-psychology” - connections to upper class; held parties to help people with madness for a show
- brought out the idea of social influence
25
Q
charcot
A
- 1825-1893
- helped to legitimize hypnosis as a treatment
- resulted people surviving in more surgeries
- mindfulness in today’s society
- before this, psychology was not accepted as a real science
26
Q
bruer
A
- 1842-1925
- anna o received the cathartic method (via hypnosis), which is the release of emotional tension triggered by expressing forgotten trauma
- avoid intense emotion; crying, exclamation
emotional and behavioral restraint was critical
27
Q
freud
A
- unconscious conflicts between id, ego, and superego generates anxiety that result in defense mechanisms to protect the ego
- early, sexual, traumatic experiences
- Id, ego, superego
- psychoanalysis is a particular way of listening to a patient’s story to reveal the true backstory and finding the deeper meaning and connections
28
Q
Id
A
present at birth, biological, and unconscious, seeks immediate gratification
29
Q
ego
A
primarily conscious, mediates between demands of reality and the id’s demands for immediate gratification
30
Q
superego
A
the conscience develops as we incorporate parental and societal values
31
Q
psychoanalytic therapy
A
- goal was to understand early childhood experiences, the nature of key relationships, and patterns in current relationships
-transference
patient responds to analyst in similar ways as important past relationships - biggest weakness
32
Q
the legacy of freud
A
- childhood experiences do shape adult personality and relationships
- modern look at development of stress response
- there are unconscious influences on behavior
- causes and purposes of behavior are not always obvious
33
Q
rise of behaviorism
A
- focus on observable behavior with an emphasis on learning
- foundation of behavioral therapy
- not covering: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling
34
Q
importance of cognition
A
- rose in popularity during the 1960s
- how we think about a situation influences our feelings and behaviors
development of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders
- focus is on becoming more aware of maladaptive thoughts
- changing cognitions to change feelings, behaviors, and symptoms
- biopsychosocial approach sees maladaptive thoughts as circuits in the brain
