Ch 5: Life History

Question 1

the process by which cells influence the way adjacent cells respond and regulate their genes

Answer 1

induction

Question 2

the three components of developmental time during differentiation of cells

Answer 2

restriction (limiting), expression (actual organization property), and determination (exacting)

Question 3

Cell fates and patterns of interaction and change at the cellular level during embryogenesis

Answer 3

Epigenetics

Question 4

type of cell organization; Closely packed, polarized cells
on the basal lamina, with junctional
complexes

Answer 4

Epithelial cells

Question 5

type of cell organization; Stellate, loosely packed cells in
gelatinous extracellular matrix
high in water and protein

Answer 5

Mesenchymal cells

Question 6

origination and development of the sperm cell

Answer 6

Spermatogenesis

Question 7

the last phase of spermatogenesis

Answer 7

Spermiogenesis

Question 8

origination and development of the egg cell

Answer 8

Oogenesis

Question 9

eggs and sperm are _________; they are the ________ and the _________ respectively

Answer 9

gametes, spermatozoon, oocyte

Question 10

rapid cell division without cytoplasmic growth

Answer 10

cleavage

Question 11

process of forming one gastrula layer from three blastula layers

Answer 11

Gastrulation

Question 12

having little yolk

Answer 12

Microlecithal

Question 13

having an intermediate amount of yolk

Answer 13

Mesolecithal

Question 14

having much yolk

Answer 14

Macrolecithal

Question 15

division process in which the entire zygote divides along cleavage furrows

Answer 15

Holoblastic cleavage

Question 16

cleavage furrows do not extend into yolk mass

Answer 16

Meroblastic cleavage

Question 17

multicellular embryo prior to
gastrula stage

Answer 17

Blastula

Question 18

a cell of the blastula

Answer 18

Blastomere

Question 19

when no growth occurs
in cleavage and stored energy is
utilized, mass decreases, and a space opens in the embryo. The space is called a __________.

Answer 19

Blastocoele

Question 20

formation of the neural tube; near the end of gastrulation; somites form

Answer 20

Neurulation

Question 21

forms the notochord

Answer 21

chordamesoderm

Question 22

the movement of mesenchymal cells down the primitive streak

Answer 22

Ingression

Question 23

form the yolk sac endoderm

Answer 23

Hypoblast cells

Question 24

endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm covered pouch full of nutrients for the developing organism

Answer 24

yolk sac

Question 25

the formation of folds that line the amniotic cavity and isolate the embryo

Answer 25

Amnion

Question 26

formed from the upper amniotic folds, lined with mesoderm; forms a general covering

Answer 26

Chorion

Question 27

the evagination of archenteron that grows into contact with the chorion to form the only vascular membrane

Answer 27

Allantois

Question 28

modified blastula of a placental mammal; there is no yolk to affect cleavage.

Answer 28

Blastocyst

Question 29

outer layer of the mammalian blastocyst; initiates placenta formation

Answer 29

Trophoblast

Question 30

lies between the trophoblast and inner cell mass

Answer 30

Blastocoel

Question 31

grows ventrally from the yolkless sac

Answer 31

Endodermal yolk sac layer

Question 32

The three primary embryonic germ layers

Answer 32

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 33

First layer in ocular organogenesis; differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon

Answer 33

Prosencephalon

Question 34

forms metencephalon and myelencephalon; Segmental thickenings called
rhombomeres

Answer 34

Rhombencephalon

Question 35

mesenchyme
of neural crest origin; neural crest
is formed from ectoderm.

Answer 35

Ectomesenchyme

Question 36

form components of the
sensory and autonomic nervous
systems

Answer 36

Cranial and Trunk Neural Crest

Question 37

similarities between embryonic
development across diverse taxa; embryos develop (and lose) structures that characterize ancestral forms (ex. gill slits developing in early reptile,
mammal, and bird embryos; Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Answer 37

Haeckel’s Biogenic Law

Question 38

Development proceeds from general to specific; Notochord is lost in adult vertebrates, but is an important structural element in the embryo

Answer 38

Von Baer’s Law

Question 39

older structures exert influence over the development of newer structures

Answer 39

Preservationism

Question 40

genes can have multiple effects

Answer 40

Pleiotropy

Question 41

contain highly conserved regions recognizable across a wide variety of multicellular animals; controls axial pattern of development

Answer 41

Hox Genes