Ch 10: Muscular System, Locomotion, and Support

Question 1

brace bones across joints, movement; move materials through the digestive tract, airways, blood; vessels, ducts; vocalization; heat production

Answer 1

muscular system

Question 2

muscle-specific proteins that organize into myofilaments

Answer 2

actin and myosin

Question 3

embryonic mesodermal mesenchyme cells elongate to become ____________ that cause muscle growth

Answer 3

myoblasts

Question 4

after myoblasts cease dividing, they become _____________, or ______________

Answer 4

myocytes/muscle fibers

Question 5

type of muscle tissue; long, multinucleate cells; overlapping actin and myosin myofilaments; neurogenic contraction; ends in motor end plates; voluntary

Answer 5

skeletal muscle

Question 6

type of muscle tissue; mononucleate cells; actin and myosin irregularly aligned; no fatigue; involuntary; blood vessels and visceral organs; unitary and multiunit fibers; neurogenic

Answer 6

smooth muscle

Question 7

type of muscle tissue; mononucleate cells; myofilaments overlap, interlaced disks; myogenic contraction and rhythm; modulated by neurogenic control

Answer 7

cardiac muscle

Question 8

muscle contraction results from actin-myosin interaction; myofilaments arranged in myofibrils

Answer 8

sliding filament hypothesis

Question 9

muscle attachments

Answer 9

tendons, aponeuroses, periosteum

Question 10

tension % by the length of muscle fiber

Answer 10

tension-length curve

Question 11

tension from actin-myosin interaction

Answer 11

muscle contraction

Question 12

shortening of muscle against constant load

Answer 12

isotonic contraction

Question 13

little if any shortening of muscle

Answer 13

isometric contraction

Question 14

force developed * distance through which force works = ?

Answer 14

work

Question 15

flexion and extension, protraction and retraction, adduction and abduction, pronation and supination

Answer 15

antagonistic muscle action

Question 16

muscle fiber with long straight connection to two points

Answer 16

strap

Question 17

muscle fiber with tapered tendon connection to two points

Answer 17

fusiform

Question 18

muscle fiber that looks like a sheet made up of many layers

Answer 18

unipennate

Question 19

muscle fiber with a tapered tendon and 90-degree resultant connections to three points

Answer 19

bipennate

Question 20

results from the Archimedes Principle

Answer 20

buoyancy

Question 21

frictional and pressure drag resist motion; reaction of water resolves into lateral and forward thrusts; lateral thrusts tend to cancel each other; forward thrusts are additive.

Answer 21

Archimedes Principle

Question 22

increased length of spine = ?

Answer 22

increased length of lever

Question 23

no angle of a ________________ can change without _________ ____________.

Answer 23

parallelogram, others changing

Question 24

locks the parallelogram in horse’s knee

Answer 24

patella

Question 25

distal insertion = ? , proximal insertion = ?

Answer 25

strength, speed