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Microbiology Ch 1-15 > Ch 5 Eukaryotic Cells & Microorganisms > Flashcards

Ch 5 Eukaryotic Cells & Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some organelles that eukaryotic cells have?

A

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc

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2
Q

What are the external structures of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Appendages, Cilia, Glycocalyx, Capsule, Slime, Flagella

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3
Q

What does the cell boundary consist of?

A

Cell membrane or cell wall

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4
Q

What does the nucleus consist of?

A

Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Chromosomes

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5
Q

Describe a flagella in a eukaryotic cell

A
  • 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella
  • long & cylindrical containing microtubules
  • moves in a snake-like pattern or the tip squiggles and whips forward
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6
Q

Describe Cilia

A
  • similar to flagella but is shorter and higher in quantity
  • used for feeding, filtering, and motility
  • found only on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells
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7
Q

Describe Glycocalyx

A
  • outermost boundary
  • appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule
  • functions in adherence (sticking), protection, and signal reception
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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid, provides structural support and shape

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9
Q

How does the cell wall differ in fungi & algae?

A
  • Fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin layer of mixed glycans
  • Algae – varies in chemical composition; substances commonly found include cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate
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10
Q

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

A
  • typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
  • regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
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11
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Sphere-shaped
  • Contains chromosomes
  • Nucleolus – dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
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12
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • Smooth: closed tubular network without ribosomes; functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of lipids
  • Rough: rough due to ribosomes; proteins synthesized and shoved into the ER for packaging and transport
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13
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Modifies, stores, and packages proteins
  • Consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
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14
Q

Transport Processes

A
  • Transitional vesicles from the ER containing proteins go to the Golgi apparatus for modification and maturation
  • Condensing vesicles transport proteins to organelles or secretory (secreted by a cell) proteins to the outside
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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

Involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microbes

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16
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane-bound sacs containing particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

17
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Function in energy production
  • Consist of an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae
  • Divide independently of cell
  • Contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes
18
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • Convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
  • Found in algae and plant cells
  • Primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms
19
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins

Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes

Function in protein synthesis

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Flexible framework of proteins

Microfilaments & microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm

Involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, and structural support

21
Q

Concept Check: The Eukaryotic organelle that is responsible for transporting vesicles inside the cells is the______________.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

22
Q

Name some eukaryotic microbes

A

Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Parasitic worms

23
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Macroscopic (mushrooms) or Microscopic (yeast & mold)

Can be uni, multicellular, or colonial

Morphology:
- Yeast: round ovoid shape, soft, asexual reproduction (budding)
- Hyphae – long filamentous fungi or molds
** can be dimorphic (both yeast & hyphae)

24
Q

Filamentous fungi

A

Definition: mass of hyphae called mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture

Hyphae may be divided by cross walls (septate)

Vegetative hyphae – digest and absorb nutrients

Reproductive hyphae – produce spores for reproduction

25
Q

Fungi are generally classified according to their_________________.

A

Sexual Reproduction

26
Q

Protists: Algae & Protozoa characteristics

A

Algae - eukaryotic organisms, usually unicellular and colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyll a

Protozoa - unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry

27
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic organisms

Microscopic forms are unicellular, colonial, filamentous

Macroscopic forms are colonial and multicellular

Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll and other pigments

Cell wall

May or may not have flagella

28
Q

Protozoa

A

Vary in shape, lack a cell wall

Most are unicellular; colonies are rare

Most are harmless, free-living in a moist habitat

Some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors

All are heterotrophic – lack chloroplasts

Cytoplasm divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm

Feed by engulfing other microbes and organic matter

29
Q

Protozoa Pt 2

A

Most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or pseudopods

Exist as trophozoite (absorbs nutrient from host) – motile feeding stage

Can enter into a dormant stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding – cyst

All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission; many also reproduce sexually – conjugation

30
Q

Example of Pathogenic flagellates

A

African Trypanosomiasis aka “sleeping sickness”

  • caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei.
  • transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in sub-Saharan Africa.
31
Q

Parasitic Helminths

A

Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection

Parasitize host tissues

Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues

Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm

Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body

32
Q

Major Groups of Parasitic Helminths

A

Flatworms – flat, no definite body cavity; digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory and nervous systems

Roundworms (nematodes) – round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and nervous systems poorly developed

33
Q

How are helminths spread?

A

Through the ingestion of larvae or eggs through food, soil, or water

Microbiology Ch 1-15 (6 decks)

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