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Med Terminoology > CH 5 Digestive System Vocab and Terminology > Flashcards

CH 5 Digestive System Vocab and Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

absorption

A

Passage of materials through the walls of the mall intestine and into the bloodstream

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2
Q

achlorhydria

A

Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice

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3
Q

amino acids

A

The chief constituents of proteins, there are 20 amino acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested.

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4
Q

amylase

A

An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars)

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5
Q

anastomosis

A

A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ.

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6
Q

anus

A

the opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.

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7
Q

appendectomy

A

Removal or excision of the appendix.

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8
Q

appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix.

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9
Q

bile

A

Yellow or orange fluid protected by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats.

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10
Q

biliary

A

Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum)

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11
Q

bilirubin

A

A yellow-orange pigment found in bile.

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12
Q

bowel

A

Intestine. The large bowel is alled the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine.

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13
Q

buccal mucosa

A

Mucous membrane lining the cheek.

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14
Q

canine teeth

A

Four, pointed dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw.

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15
Q

cecal

A

Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon).

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16
Q

cecum

A

First part of the large intestine (colon).

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17
Q

celiac

A

Pertaining to the abdomen.

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18
Q

cheilosis

A

Abnormal condition of the lips.

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19
Q

cholecystectomy

A

Excision or removal of the gallbladder.

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20
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct.

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21
Q

choledochojejunostomy

A

Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and jejunum. Bariatric surgery

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22
Q

choledochotomy

A

Incision of the common bile duct.

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23
Q

cholelithiasis

A

Abnormal condition of forming gallstones.

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24
Q

colon

A

Large intestine (bowel)

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25
Q

colonic

A

Pertaining to the colon.

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26
Q

colonoscopy

A

Visual endoscopic examination of the colon.

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27
Q

colostomy

A

New opening of the colon to the outside of the body.

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28
Q

common bile duct

A

Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine. To duodenum

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29
Q

defecation

A

Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum.

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30
Q

deglutition

A

Swallowing.

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31
Q

dentibuccal

A

Pertaining to the cheek and teeth.

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32
Q

dentin

A

The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown.

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33
Q

digestion

A

The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.

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34
Q

duodenal

A

Pertaining to the duodenum.

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35
Q

elimination

A

Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes.

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36
Q

emulsification

A

Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles.

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37
Q

enamel

A

white, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth.

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38
Q

endodontist

A

A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth.

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39
Q

enterocolitis

A

Inflammation of the small intestine and colon.

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40
Q

enteroenterostomy

A

surgical anastomosis of two parts of the intestine with creation of an opening between them.

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41
Q

enzyme

A

Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme.

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42
Q

esophageal

A

Pertaining to the esophagus

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43
Q

esophagus

A

Tube leading from the throat to the stomach

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44
Q

fatty acids

A

Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat.

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45
Q

facial

A

Pertaining to the face

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46
Q

feces

A

Solid wastes; stools.

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47
Q

gallbladder

A

Small sac lying below the liver, in which the bile is stored.

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48
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

the tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus.

49
Q

gastrojejunostomy

A

New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery.

50
Q

gastrostomy

A

New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.

51
Q

gingivitis

A

Inflammation of gums.

52
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver.

53
Q

glucose

A

Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells.

54
Q

glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells.

55
Q

hepatoma

A

Tumor of the liver; hepatocellular carcinoma.

56
Q

hepatomegaly

A

Enlargement of the liver.

57
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion.

58
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice.

59
Q

hyperglycemia

A

High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; often associated with diabetes mellitus.

60
Q

hypoglossal

A

Pertaining to under the tongue

61
Q

ileitis

A

Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine)

62
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

Ring of muscles that are between thr ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)

63
Q

ileostomy

A

Surgical formation of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall.

64
Q

ileum

A

Third (and final) portion of the small intestine

65
Q

incisor

A

One of the four front teeth on either jaw.

66
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by specialed cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells

67
Q

jejunum

A

Second part of the small intestine

68
Q

labial

A

Pertaining to the lip.

69
Q

laparoscopy

A

Process of visually examining the contents of the abdomen (using an endoscope)

70
Q

lipase

A

enzyme- that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum.

71
Q

lithogenesis

A

Formation of stone (calculi).

72
Q

liver

A

Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins, and sugars.

73
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.

74
Q

mastication

A

Process of chewing.

75
Q

mesentery

A

membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestins to the dorsal (back) body wall.

76
Q

molar teeth

A

Sixth, seventh, and eigth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. the most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth.

77
Q

oral

A

Pertaining to the mouth,

78
Q

orthodontist

A

Dentist specializing in straightening teeth.

79
Q

palate

A

Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat.

80
Q

palatopharyngoplasty

A

Surgical resection of unnecessary palatal and oropharyngeal tissue to open the airway

81
Q

palatoplasty

A

Surgical repair of the palate

82
Q

pancreas

A

Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells.

83
Q

pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

84
Q

papillae

A

Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds.

85
Q

parenteral

A

Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract; as by intravenous injection.

86
Q

parotid gland

A

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior of the ear.

87
Q

perianal

A

Pertaining to surrounding the anus.

88
Q

periodontist

A

Dentist specializing in treating the gums.

89
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum.

90
Q

peristalsis

A

Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures.

91
Q

pharyngeal

A

Pertaining to the throat or pharynx

92
Q

portal vein

A

Large vein brining blood to the liver from the intestines

93
Q

postprandial

A

After meals

94
Q

premolar teeth

A

Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars.

95
Q

proctologist

A

Specialist in the study of the anus and he rectum.

96
Q

protease

A

Enzyme that digests protein.

97
Q

pulp

A

Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.

98
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

99
Q

pyloroplasty

A

Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter

100
Q

pylorus

A

Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum.

101
Q

rectocele

A

Hernia of the rectum.

102
Q

rectum

A

final section of the colon.

103
Q

rugae

A

Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth.

104
Q

saliva

A

Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by the salivary glands.

105
Q

salivary glands

A

Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands.

106
Q

sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of a salivary gland.

107
Q

sialolith

A

Salivary gland stone, lodged in a salivary gland or duct.

108
Q

sigmoid colon

A

Distal, lower end of the colon.

109
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon.

110
Q

sphincter

A

Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice.

111
Q

steatorrhea

A

Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat.

112
Q

stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth.

113
Q

sublingual

A

Pertaining to under the tongue

114
Q

submandibular

A

Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)

115
Q

triglycerides

A

Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.

116
Q

uvula

A

Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.

117
Q

uvulectomy

A

Removal (excision) of the uvula

118
Q

villi

A

Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids.

Med Terminoology (14 decks)

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