Ch. 5-8 Flashcards
Flashbulb memory
A vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well
Functional fixedness
When people’s schemas prevent them from using an object in new and non-traditional ways
Ebbinghaus’s research
Memory decays rapidly at first, but the amount of decay levels off with time
Chunking
The process of organizing information into smaller groupings, thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in short-term memory
Short-term memory
The place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but for usually less than one minute
Difference between recall memory and recognition memory
Recall memory is memory from information that has previously been remembered, recognition memory is information that has been seen or learned before
Types of memory
Explicit memory and implicit memory
Stages of memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Processes of memory
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
Latent learning
learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so
Types of learning
Conditioning, insight, observational learning, latent learning
How did Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” experiment prove the existence of observational learning?
It demonstrated that these children had learned new behaviors, simply by observing and imitating others
Operant conditioning
Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior
Difference between classical and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning is with new stimuli built on top of biological responses, operant conditioning is based on consequences for behavior
Stimulus discrimination
The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical
Stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior
Crystallized intelligence
General knowledge about the world, as reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language. Old people are better at it.
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly. Young people are better at it
Four styles of parenting
Authoritarian parents: demanding but not responsive. Permissive parents: make few demands and give little punishment. Authoritative parents: demanding but responsive. Rejecting neglecting parents: undemanding and unresponsive.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Preconventional morality, conventional morality, post conventional morality
Preconventional morality
Punishment is avoided and rewards are sought
Conventional morality
Able to value the good that can be derived from holding to social norms in the form of laws or less formalized rules
Post conventional morality
Moral behavior is based on self chosen ethical principles that are generally comprehensive and universal, such as justice, dignity, and equality
Longitudinal research designs
Research designs in which individuals in the sample are followed and contacted over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages
Cross-sectional research designs
Age comparisons are made between samples of different people at different ages at one time
Styles of attachment
Secure attachment: explores freely while mother is present and engages with strangers. Ambivalent attachment: worry about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to mother. Avoidant attachment: will avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns. Disorganized attachment: seems to have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation
Harry Harlow monkey experiment
Show the importance of a soft and “loving mother” to baby monkeys
Attachment
The emotional bonds that we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds that an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver
Concrete operational phase primary achievement
The understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object
Erickson’s infant challenge
Trust versus mistrust
Erikson’s challenges from infants to young adults
Trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame/doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion
Trust versus mistrust
Child develops a feeling of trust in his or her caregivers
Autonomy versus shame/doubt
Child learns what he or she can and cannot control and develop a sense of free will
Initiative versus guilt
The child learns to become independent by exploring and manipulating and taking action
Industry versus inferiority
Child learns to do things well or correctly according to standards set by others
Identity versus role confusion
Adolescent develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others
Sensory motor stage of cognitive development
Babies form their first schemas by using their primary senses; hearing, seeing, touching, and tasting
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
Processes used to alter children’s schemas
Assimilation: use already developed schemas to understand new information. Accommodation: learning new information, and thus changing the schema.
Habituation technique
The decreased responsiveness towards a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession. Primary technique used to study learning in infants
Teratogens
Environmental agent that can harm fetal development, such as, pollution, radiation, cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs
Zygote
A fertilized ovum or egg
Stages of prenatal development
Zygote, embryo, fetus
Altering the consciousness without the use of drugs
Hypnosis, sensory deprivation, and meditation
Medical uses for marijuana
Pain and nausea
Safety ratio
The way we calculate how dangerous recreational drugs are, based on the dose that is likely to be fatal divided by the normal dose needed to feel the effects of the drug
Four classes of psychoactive drugs
Stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens
Manifest content of a dream
It’s literal actions
Latent content of a dream
The hidden psychological meaning of a dream
Length of a typical sleep cycle
90 minutes
Circadian rhythm
The regularly occurring cycle of behaviors over an approximately 24 hour period
Consciousness
Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
Drug tolerance
An increase in the dose required to produce the same effect
Drug dependence
I need to use a drug or other substance regularly
Drug withdrawal
Negative experiences that a company reducing or stopping drug use
