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PSY 2301 > Ch. 5-8 > Flashcards

Ch. 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well

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2
Q

Functional fixedness

A

When people’s schemas prevent them from using an object in new and non-traditional ways

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3
Q

Ebbinghaus’s research

A

Memory decays rapidly at first, but the amount of decay levels off with time

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4
Q

Chunking

A

The process of organizing information into smaller groupings, thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in short-term memory

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5
Q

Short-term memory

A

The place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but for usually less than one minute

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6
Q

Difference between recall memory and recognition memory

A

Recall memory is memory from information that has previously been remembered, recognition memory is information that has been seen or learned before

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7
Q

Types of memory

A

Explicit memory and implicit memory

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8
Q

Stages of memory

A

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

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9
Q

Processes of memory

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

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10
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so

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11
Q

Types of learning

A

Conditioning, insight, observational learning, latent learning

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12
Q

How did Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” experiment prove the existence of observational learning?

A

It demonstrated that these children had learned new behaviors, simply by observing and imitating others

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13
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior

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14
Q

Difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

Classical conditioning is with new stimuli built on top of biological responses, operant conditioning is based on consequences for behavior

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15
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical

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16
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus

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17
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior

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18
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

General knowledge about the world, as reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language. Old people are better at it.

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19
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly. Young people are better at it

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20
Q

Four styles of parenting

A

Authoritarian parents: demanding but not responsive. Permissive parents: make few demands and give little punishment. Authoritative parents: demanding but responsive. Rejecting neglecting parents: undemanding and unresponsive.

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21
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

Preconventional morality, conventional morality, post conventional morality

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22
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Punishment is avoided and rewards are sought

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23
Q

Conventional morality

A

Able to value the good that can be derived from holding to social norms in the form of laws or less formalized rules

24
Q

Post conventional morality

A

Moral behavior is based on self chosen ethical principles that are generally comprehensive and universal, such as justice, dignity, and equality

25
Q

Longitudinal research designs

A

Research designs in which individuals in the sample are followed and contacted over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages

26
Q

Cross-sectional research designs

A

Age comparisons are made between samples of different people at different ages at one time

27
Q

Styles of attachment

A

Secure attachment: explores freely while mother is present and engages with strangers. Ambivalent attachment: worry about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to mother. Avoidant attachment: will avoid or ignore the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns. Disorganized attachment: seems to have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation

28
Q

Harry Harlow monkey experiment

A

Show the importance of a soft and “loving mother” to baby monkeys

29
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bonds that we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds that an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver

30
Q

Concrete operational phase primary achievement

A

The understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object

31
Q

Erickson’s infant challenge

A

Trust versus mistrust

32
Q

Erikson’s challenges from infants to young adults

A

Trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame/doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion

33
Q

Trust versus mistrust

A

Child develops a feeling of trust in his or her caregivers

34
Q

Autonomy versus shame/doubt

A

Child learns what he or she can and cannot control and develop a sense of free will

35
Q

Initiative versus guilt

A

The child learns to become independent by exploring and manipulating and taking action

36
Q

Industry versus inferiority

A

Child learns to do things well or correctly according to standards set by others

37
Q

Identity versus role confusion

A

Adolescent develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others

38
Q

Sensory motor stage of cognitive development

A

Babies form their first schemas by using their primary senses; hearing, seeing, touching, and tasting

39
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

40
Q

Processes used to alter children’s schemas

A

Assimilation: use already developed schemas to understand new information. Accommodation: learning new information, and thus changing the schema.

41
Q

Habituation technique

A

The decreased responsiveness towards a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession. Primary technique used to study learning in infants

42
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agent that can harm fetal development, such as, pollution, radiation, cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs

43
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized ovum or egg

44
Q

Stages of prenatal development

A

Zygote, embryo, fetus

45
Q

Altering the consciousness without the use of drugs

A

Hypnosis, sensory deprivation, and meditation

46
Q

Medical uses for marijuana

A

Pain and nausea

47
Q

Safety ratio

A

The way we calculate how dangerous recreational drugs are, based on the dose that is likely to be fatal divided by the normal dose needed to feel the effects of the drug

48
Q

Four classes of psychoactive drugs

A

Stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens

49
Q

Manifest content of a dream

A

It’s literal actions

50
Q

Latent content of a dream

A

The hidden psychological meaning of a dream

51
Q

Length of a typical sleep cycle

A

90 minutes

52
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

The regularly occurring cycle of behaviors over an approximately 24 hour period

53
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

54
Q

Drug tolerance

A

An increase in the dose required to produce the same effect

55
Q

Drug dependence

A

I need to use a drug or other substance regularly

56
Q

Drug withdrawal

A

Negative experiences that a company reducing or stopping drug use

PSY 2301 (5 decks)

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