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PSY 2301 > Ch 12-14 > Flashcards

Ch 12-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving

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2
Q

Trait

A

Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations

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3
Q

Big 5 personality traits

A

OCEAN: agreeableness, consciousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience

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4
Q

Barnum effect

A

The observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could, in fact, describe almost anyone

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5
Q

Freud’s three components to psyche/personality

A

Id, superego, ego

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6
Q

Id

A

The component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses

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7
Q

Superego

A

Our sense of morality and thoughts

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8
Q

Ego

A

Largely conscious controller or decision maker of personality

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9
Q

Freudian theory defense mechanism

A

Unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and to maintain a positive self-image

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10
Q

Stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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11
Q

Difference between neo Freudian thought and Freudian thought

A

Emphasis unconscious and early experience in shaping personality, less evidence on sexuality playing a role, and overall more optimistic

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12
Q

Most optimistic view of human nature approach to personality

A

Humanists

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13
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Only when people are able to meet the lower level needs are they able to move on to achieve the higher levels with self-actualization at the top

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14
Q

Monozygotic and dizygotic

A

One fertilized egg and two fertilized egg; identical or fraternal twins

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15
Q

What do shared environment, non-shared environment, and hereditability refer to?

A

The influence of nature versus nurture. Non shared environment has most influence

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16
Q

Components of the biopsychosocial model of mental illness

A

A way of understanding disorder that assumes that disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors

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17
Q

Psychological disorder

A

An ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thoughts, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society

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18
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A document that provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders

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19
Q

How is the DSM organized

A

It’s organized into categories and each category has all the disorders that have something in common. For example all the disorders in the depressive disorders category all relate somehow to the experience of depression.

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20
Q

Two things ADHD and autism spectrum disorder have in common

A

The dramatic increase in overdiagnosis and the controversy over that increase

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21
Q

Anxiety

A

The nervousness or agitation that we sometimes experience, often about something that is going to happen

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22
Q

Phobia

A

A specific fear of a certain object, situation, or activity

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23
Q

Obsessions and compulsions in Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Obsessions are repetitive thoughts, compulsions are repetitive behaviors

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24
Q

Men versus women depression diagnoses

A

Women get diagnosed two times more than men

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25
Q

Dysthymia

A

A condition characterized by mild, but chronic, depressive symptoms that last for at least two years

26
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

a psychological disorder characterized by swings and mood from overly “high” (manic) to sad and hopeless, and back again, with periods of near normal in between

27
Q

Psychosis

A

A psychological condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality

28
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs not commonly shared by others within one’s culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out of touch with reality e.g. delusions of grandeur

29
Q

Hallucinations

A

Imaginary sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus

30
Q

The clusters of personality disorders

A

Cluster A - odd/eccentric, cluster B - dramatic/erratic, cluster C - anxious/inhibited

31
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success

32
Q

Of the cluster b personality disorders which one is more common in men and which one more common in women?

A

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) for women, antisocial personality disorder (APD) for men

33
Q

Munchausen syndrome

A

Patient has a lifelong pattern of successive hospitalizations for faked symptoms

34
Q

Malingering

A

Involves fabricating the symptoms of mental or physical disorder to gain financial reward

35
Q

Steps of psychological treatment

A

Psychological assessment then medical assessment then diagnosis then selection of course of treatment

36
Q

Biomedical treatments

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), medications, and psychosurgery

37
Q

Difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist

A

Psychiatrists have a medical degree and can prescribe drugs, psychologists tend to spend more time with the patient, talking

38
Q

What does a psychodynamic therapist ask about?

A

Unconscious conflict, relationship with parents

39
Q

How do you psychoanalyst attempt to access the unconscious?

A

Through dreams

40
Q

Transference in psychoanalysis

A

Unconscious redirected feelings experienced in an important personal relationship towards the therapist

41
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Valuing the client without any qualifications, displaying an accepting attitude towards whatever the client is feeling at the moment

42
Q

Maslow’s ultimate aim of therapy

A

To have the motivation to live up to one’s full potential

43
Q

Cognitive and behavioral components of cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

Negative thoughts lead to negative feelings, which contribute to negative behaviors. When people see the negative behavior, negative thoughts are reinforced leading to a feedback loop. Thoughts create feelings. Feelings create behavior. Behavior reinforces thoughts

44
Q

Three benefits of group therapy

A

Provides a safe place, is cheaper, and allows people to help each other (social support)

45
Q

Three intervention levels of community Mental health

A

Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention

46
Q

Primary prevention

A

Prevention in which all members of the community receive treatment

47
Q

Secondary prevention

A

More limited and focuses on people who are most likely to need it

48
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Treatment, such as psychotherapy or biomedical therapy, that focuses on people already diagnosed with a disorder

49
Q

Goal of outcome research

A

Studies that assess the effectiveness of medical treatments to determine the effectiveness of different therapies

50
Q

Three things that interfere with outcome research

A

Placebo effects, nonspecific treatment effects, and natural improvement

51
Q

Placebo effects

A

Improvements that occur as a result of the expectation that one will get better rather than from the actual effects of a treatment

52
Q

Nonspecific treatment effects

A

Occur when the patient gets better over time simply by going to therapy, type of therapy does not matter

53
Q

Natural improvement

A

Possibility that people might get better over time, even without treatment

54
Q

What is the statistical measure of the effectiveness of psychological treatment?

A

Effect size

55
Q

Empirically supported therapy

A

Therapy that is known to be effective

56
Q

Which is more important: type of therapy or nonspecific treatment effects?

A

Nonspecific treatment effects

57
Q

Drawbacks to psychotropic medications

A

Old people who are more sensitive to drugs, and drug interactions, are more likely because older patients tend to take a variety of different drugs every day. They are also more likely to forget to take them, take too many, take too few, or mix them up due to poor eyesight or faulty memory.

58
Q

Strength of psychodynamic approach

A

To help the patient develop insight, or an understanding of the unconscious causes of the disorder

59
Q

Strength of a humanistic approach

A

Due to active listening and reflection of feelings, humanistic approach works well for those suffering from general anxiety or mood disorders. Also works well for those who desire to feel better about themselves overall.

60
Q

Strength of behavioral approach to therapy

A

Uses operant conditioning to help those who lack in social or personal skills. Also assists with overcoming fears. Deals with the problem at hand, rather than any underlying conditions

61
Q

Strength of cognitive approach to therapy

A

Helps patients develop new, and healthier ways of thinking about themselves and about the others around them.

PSY 2301 (5 decks)

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