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Biol 2420 SLCC > Ch 5 > Flashcards

Ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells need communication for what?

A

homeostasis

growth / development

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways cells communicate?

A

direct
-gap junctions
indirect (most common)
-chemical signals

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3
Q

what is a gap junction?

A

channel that links cytosol of two adjacent cells

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4
Q

How does a gap junction work?

A

electrical coupling of cells
-ions pass from one cell to the next
(cardiac muscle, smooth muscle)

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5
Q

How does indirect cell signaling work?

A

ligand attaches to a receptor and something happens

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6
Q

How are chemical messengers classified?

A

by function

by chemical properties

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7
Q

What are the chemical messenger function classifications?

A 
paracrine
-autocrine
NTs
hormones
-nuerohormones
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8
Q

What are the chemical messenger classifications for chemical properties?

A 
solubility (hydrophilic -phobic)
chemical class
-amino acids
-amines
-peptides/proteins
-steroids
-eicosanoids
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9
Q

How do paracrine cells work?

A

signal nearby cell
-travel by diffusion through ISF
(growth factors, clotting factors, cytokines, prostaglandins, histamine)

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10
Q

How do autocrines work?

A 
(subclass of paracrine)
signal self cell (auto = self)
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11
Q

NTs diffuse across what?

A

synaptic cleft

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12
Q

Hormones are messengers of what system?

A

endocrine

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13
Q

Hormones are secreted into the blood via

A

ISF

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14
Q

Hormones travel short or long short distances?

A

Long

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15
Q

What is a neurohormone?

A

hormone produced by neuron

  • hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary
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16
Q

Class: Paracrine
Secretory type?
Distance to target cell?
Mode of transport?

A

several secretory types
short distance to target cell
transport by diffusion

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17
Q

Class: NTs
Secretory type?
Distance to target cell?
Mode of transport?

A

neuron secretory cell
short distance to target cell
transport by diffusion

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18
Q

Class: Hormone
Secretory type?
Distance to target cell?
Mode of transport?

A

endocrine secretory cell
long distance to target cell
transport by blood

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19
Q

Hydrophilic ligands include?

A

amino acids

  • amines (except thyroid hormones)
  • peptides/proteins
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20
Q

Hydrophilic ligands are stored in?

A

vescicles

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21
Q

Hydrophilic ligands are released by?

A

exocytosis

22
Q

How are hydrophilic hormones transported in the blood?

A

travel on their own

23
Q

Where are the receptors located on the target cell for hydrophilic ligands?

A

on the surface

24
Q

What is usually the target cell response for hydrophylic ligands?

A 
enzyme activation (on/off)
membrane permeability changes (open close channels)
25
Q

For hydrophilic ligands:
does target cell response happen quickly or slowly?
is the response short-lived or long lasting?

A

fast

short-lived

26
Q

Hydrophobic ligands are stored in?

A

not stored, just diffuse through membrane

27
Q

Hydrophobic ligands are released by ?

A

diffusion

28
Q

How are hydrophobic hormones transported in the blood?

A

carrier protein

29
Q

Where are the receptors located on the target cell for hydrophobic ligands?

A

inside the cell

  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
30
Q

What is usually the target cell response for hydrophobic ligands?

A

gene activation

31
Q

For hydrophobic ligands:
does target cell response happen quickly or slowly?
is the response short-lived or long lasting?

A

slowly

long lasting

32
Q

what are the types of hydrophobic ligands?

A

steroids
eicosanoids
thyroid hormone

33
Q

Why do hydrophilic hormones have a shorter half-life than hydrophobic hormones?

A

no carrier protein (no safe zones)

34
Q 
Amino acids function as what?
Therefore: 
-Their solubility is?
-Receptors for amino acids are located where on the cell?
-They are stored in? and released by?
A

Nts
hydrophilic
surface
vesicles, exocytosis

35
Q

examples of amino acid ligands are

A

glutamate
aspartate
glycine
GABA

36
Q 
Amines function as what?
Therefore: 
-Their solubility is?
-Receptors for amino acids are located where on the cell?
-They are stored in? and released by?
A

NTs, hormones, paracrines
hydrophilic
surface
vesicles, exocytosis

37
Q 
Catecholamines
-dopamine
-norep / ep
Thyroid hormones
Histamine
Seratonin
Melatonin
are all examples of what? and are all hydrophilic except for?
A

Amines

Thyroid hormones

38
Q

peptide and protein messengers function as what?
Therefore:
-Their solubility is?
-Receptors for amino acids are located where on the cell?
-They are stored in? and released by?

A

NTs, hormones, paracrines
hydrophilic
surface
vesicles, exocytosis

39
Q

Peptide/protein messengers are formed how?

A

by cleaving larger proteins

  • prepropeptide
  • -propeptide
  • –peptide
40
Q 
Steroid hormones are made from what?
Therefore: 
-Their solubility is?
-Receptors for amino acids are located where on the cell?
-They are stored in? and released by?
A

cholesterol
hydrophobic
inside the cell (cytosol / nucleus)
not stored, released by diffusion

41
Q

estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, and V-D3 are examples of what?

A

Steroid hormones

42
Q 
Eicosanoids are made from what?
Therefore: 
-Their solubility is?
-Receptors for amino acids are located where on the cell?
-They are stored in? and released by?
A

arachidonic acid (plasma membrane phospholipid)
hydrophobic
inside the cell (cytosol / nucleus)
not stored, released by diffusion

43
Q

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, prostacyclins are all examples of what?

A

Eicosanoids

44
Q

What are the 2 major synthetic eicosanoid pathways?

A

COX (1 and 2)

LOX

45
Q

NSAIDS affect what pathway?

A

COX 1 and 2

46
Q

by blocking COX 1, what do NSAIDS do?

A

lower blood clotting factors
increase stomach ulcers
kidney issues

47
Q

by blocking COX 2, what doe NSAIDS do?

A

lower inflammation

lower pain

48
Q

Class: amino acids
solubility?
location of receptors on target cell?
Functional classification?

A

hydrophilic
plasma membrane
NTs

49
Q

Class: amines
solubility?
location of receptors on target cell?
Functional classification?

A

hydrophilic
plasma membrane
paracrines, NTs, hormones

50
Q

Class: peptides / proteins
solubility?
location of receptors on target cell?
Functional classification?

A

hydrophilic
plasma membrane
paracrines, NTs, hormones

51
Q

Class: steroids
solubility?
location of receptors on target cell?
Functional classification?

A

hydrophobic
cytosol / nucleus
hormones

52
Q

Class: eicosanoids
solubility?
location of receptors on target cell?
Functional classification?

A

hydrophobic
cytosol / nucleus
hormones

Biol 2420 SLCC (7 decks)

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