Ch 5

Question 1

Six correlates of crime we examined

Answer 1

Age, gender, race, substance use, SES, spatial location

Question 2

Most crimes committed by Canadian youth

Answer 2

Non-violent, theft under $5000, cannabis possession, administration-of-justice violations, mischief

Question 3

Maturational reform

Answer 3

People are less likely to commit crimes as they grow older

Question 4

Three factors of maturational reform

Answer 4

1) Aging brings physiological limitations 2) Formation of social bonds (work, marriage, children), individual has people depending on them 3) More socially responsible trajectory of human agency (eg no longer likes to get wasted)

Question 5

Life course theory

Answer 5

Role of age-graded transitions and social controls; how social bonds or major life events reduce likelihood of involvement in crime

Question 6

How genders react to breakup of nonmarital romantic relationships (aged 17-21)?

Answer 6

Males: goes up. Females: doesn’t change.

Question 7

Young people who enter new relationships after breakup…

Answer 7

less criminal offenses but more substances

Question 8

2 reasons women receive more lenient treatment by the courts

Answer 8

1) Males commit more serious crimes 2) Female offenders’ responsibility for young children

Question 9

Women direct acts of violence against whom?

Answer 9

Intimate partner, acquintance, stanger, family member

Question 10

Males direct acts of violence against whom?

Answer 10

Acquaintances (esp. homicide)

Question 11

Direct parental controls (aggressive discipline) on boys vs girls?

Answer 11

More violence impact in boys but not girls

Question 12

Indirect parental controls (emotional attachment to family) on boys vs girls?

Answer 12

More violence impact in girls but not boys

Question 13

Direct parental controls (supervision of friendships) on boys vs girls

Answer 13

Reduce delinquency in boys but not girls

Question 14

Traditional gender roles on boys vs girls

Answer 14

Lower violence in girls, no difference for boys

Question 15

Position in social structure on boys vs girls?

Answer 15

Impact on both (but in different ways)

Question 16

T/F: most violent males are ones who are most disadvantaged

Answer 16

T

Question 17

Structural disadvantage has more impact on male or female criminal behavior?

Answer 17

Male

Question 18

Primary factor reducing drug use/delinquent behavior in disadvantaged women?

Answer 18

Motherhood

Question 19

5 pathways for women’s involvement in crime

Answer 19

1) Harmed and harming women 2) Battered women 3) Street women 4) Drug-connected women 5) Other women

Question 20

Harmed and harming women

Answer 20

Abused; substance use. Commit crimes when intoxicated or unable to contain anger

Question 21

Battered women

Answer 21

Criminal activities precipitated by an abusive partner

Question 22

Street women

Answer 22

Prostitution, drug selling, theft. High levels of abuse. Longer criminal histories

Question 23

Drug-connected women

Answer 23

Family/partners involved in drugs; engaged in drug use or sale. Not necessaraly addicted, not necessarily long criminal history

Question 24

Other women

Answer 24

No history of unfavorable family life, no abuse, not street entranched. But engage in crime for economic gain

Question 25

Role convergence hypothesis

Answer 25

Hypothesis that as the work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime

Question 26

Young girls in 2000 X times more likely to be charged as their 1980 counterparts

Answer 26

Twice as likely

Question 27

Young boys in 2000 X times more likely to be charged as their 1980 counterparts

Answer 27

Same likelihood

Question 28

Lauritsen, Heimer, Lynch study: greatest involvement in female crime was in ___

Answer 28

Minor property offenses such as shoplifting, credit card fraud, passing bad cheques

Question 29

Women are more, less, or equally engaged in corporate crime as men?

Answer 29

Less

Question 30

What % of bank embezzlment was women?

Answer 30

50%

Question 31

What was the pattern with female bank embezzlers?

Answer 31

60% were tellers, 90% were involved in some form of clerical duties.

Question 32

Men more, less, equally likely to commit occupational crime in concert with others (than women)?

Answer 32

More likely. Women act solo

Question 33

T/F: Women’s patterns for crime were relational

Answer 33

T

Question 34

T/F: it was found that non-delinquent youth were stopped by police if they were racialized

Answer 34

T

Question 35

Differential offending hypothesis

Answer 35

There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns

Question 36

Differential treatment hypothesis

Answer 36

Structural inequality in the administration of justice (from police patrols to courtrooms to correctional services) is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process

Question 37

3 parts of differential treatment hypothesis

Answer 37

1) Police often give closer attention to people who meet certain social criteria (young lower class men) who may be disproportionately racialized 2) Certain social spaces tend to experience greater police surveillance, often inhabited by poor minorities and immigrants 3) Police may be influenced by race or ethnicity in exercise of their discretion

Question 38

Which Indigenous demographic is most overrepresented in custody?

Answer 38

Indigenous female youth

Question 39

Problems of Indigenous people in CJS

Answer 39

More likely to denied bail; more time spent in detention; more likely to be charged with multiple offences; more likely not to have legal representation; spend less time with their lawyers;…

Question 40

Colonial Model of Indigenous overrepresentation

Answer 40

Focuses on itersection of structural oppression, alienation, and three adaptive forms of behavior (assimilation, crime/deviance, and protest)

Question 41

Stages of Colonization

Answer 41

1) Territory is invaded 2) Colonial society formed 3) Indigenous people governed by representatives of colonizer 4) Colonial society develops caste system

Question 42

Historic Trauma Transmission Model

Answer 42

Historic trauma manifests itself socially and psychologically. “Learned helplessness”.

Question 43

4 avenues how traumatic memories passed intergenerationally

Answer 43

1) Biological channels (fetal alcohol syndrome, PTSD) 2) storytelling 3) violence, deficient parenting, social ills 4) individual recollections of suffering

Question 44

Racialization involves what?

Answer 44

1) Selecting some human characteristics as signs of difference 2) Sorting people into races 3) Attributing traits to those groups 4) Acting on those assumptions