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CH 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Memory

A

Memory - the active processing system of encoding, storing, and retrieving information that has been previously encountered.

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2
Q

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Multistore Model of Memory

A

Atkinson-Shiffrin Multistore Model of Memory - model of memory which outlines the three separate stores of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term) each of which interact through the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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3
Q

What is storage

A

Storage - the retention of information over time.

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4
Q

What is Retrieval

A

Retrieval - the process of accessing information, that has been stored in long-term memory,

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5
Q

What is encoding

A

Encoding - the process of converting information into a useable form which can be manipulated and stored in the brain.

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6
Q

What is sensory Memory? What is its capacity and duration?

A

Sensory memory - a store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses.
- Duration – 0.2 – 4 seconds
- Capacity – Unlimited however most information is not attended to and is lost.

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7
Q

List 4 types of sensory memory

A

Types of Short-Term Memory
- Iconic Memory – Visual Memory
- Echoic Memory – Auditory Memory
- Haptic Memory – Physical Touch Memory
- Eidetic Memory – Visual Sensory Memory with an extended duration

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8
Q

What is short term Memory? What is its capacity and duration?

A

Short-term memory (STM) - a store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated.
- Duration – 18-30 seconds
- Capacity – 5-9 items

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9
Q

What is long term Memory? What is its capacity and duration?

A

Long-term memory (LTM) - a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time.
- Duration – Relatively Permanent
- Capacity – Potentially Unlimited

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10
Q

Strengths of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Multistore Model of Memory

A
  • The model distinguishes between the different stores involved in memory.
  • The model outlines that each memory store has a different capacity and duration.
  • The model provides a good understanding of the structure and process of memory.
  • Findings from memory studies support the distinction between STM and LTM outlined in the model.
  • The model can help explain why amnesia patients may have difficulty retrieving memories from LTM or encoding information from STM to LTM.
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11
Q

Limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Multistore Model of Memory

A
  • The Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory is thought to be oversimplified.
  • STM is more complex than the model suggests.
  • Baddeley and Hitch (1974) propose that STM is not just a singular store but rather includes different components within it.
  • The model ignores factors, such as motivation and strategy, which can facilitate learning and assist in encoding information from STM to LTM.
  • Initially, the model proposed that rehearsal was necessary for information to be transferred into LTM. However, studies show that transferring information into LTM can occur without rehearsal.
  • The model does not account for individual differences in memory processes, storage duration, and capacity.
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12
Q

What is explicit memory/declarative memory

A

Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory) - type of long-term memory that is formed and retrieved intentionally and with conscious effort. They are memories that involving ‘Knowing That’ - e.g., facts etc.

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13
Q

What is sematic memory

A
  • Sematic Memory – type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts e.g., Academic Knowledge and Facts
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14
Q

What is episodic memory

A
  • Episodic Memory – type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events e.g., Autobiographical Events/Personal
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15
Q

What is implicit memory

A

Implicit Memory - type of long-term memory that is formed and retrieved without conscious effort.

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16
Q

What is procedural memory

A
  • Procedural Memory – type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills.
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17
Q

What is classical conditioned memory

A
  • Classical Conditioned Memory – type of implicit memory that involves an involuntary response, such as fear, to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally-arousing stimulus.
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18
Q

What is the Hippocampus (in relation to memory)

A

Hippocampus (in relation to memory) – A brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding explicit memories.

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19
Q

What does damage to the hippocampus lead to?

A

Damage to the hippocampus -> Causes people to experience -> difficulty forming new explicit memories (Can lead to Alzimers)

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20
Q

What is the Amygdala (in relation to memory) and what aids it?

A

Amygdala (in relation to memory) – A brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding the emotional components of memories and retrieving explicit memories.
- Involves explicit memories specifically those that are emotion driven and the emotional components of classically condiditioned implicit memories.
- Adrenalin aids in the formation and strength of emotional memories

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21
Q

What is the Neocortex (in relation to memory)

A

What is the Neocortex (in relation to memory) – A brain structure that stores explicit memories.
- Stores episodic and semantic memories once they are encoded and transferred from the hippocampus.
- Responsible for attention, thoguht, and perception which all influence memory and is heavily linked to processing and recognition of auditory stimuli
- Consists of six layers and is part of the cerebral cortex

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22
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia (in relation to memory)

A

Basal Ganglia (in relation to memory) – A brain structure that is involved in encoding and storing procedural memories and those that are associated with unconscious habits and behaviours.
- Responsible for encoding and storage of motor and implict memories.
- Associated with habit-forming, linking and stimuli and response learning.
- Supported by dopamine in the formation of these memories.

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23
Q

What is the Cerebellum (in relation to memory)

A

Cerebellum (in relation to memory) - A brain structure that encodes and stores implicit procedural memories.
- The brain structure is responsible for balance, movement, co-ordination and motor skills.
- Increased evidence for its role in the working memory which is controlled by the pre-frontal cortex.

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24
Q

What are the 5 main brain structures involved in memory?

A

Basal ganglia, Neocortex, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cerebellum

25
Q

What are the interactions between the brain structures involved in memory

A
  • The amygdala detects and experience that is emotionally arousing.
  • It signals to the hippocampus to strengthen the encoding of explicit memories that have implict emotional components.
  • The hippocampus encodes the explicit memories.
  • The Neocortex stores the explict memories.
26
Q

What is Autobiographical Events

A

Autobiographical Events - personally lived experiences.

27
Q

What types of memory is involved in retrieval of autobiographical events.

A

Episodic and Semantic Memory

28
Q

What is possible imagined futures?

A

Possible Imagined Futures - hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual can create and conceptualize in their mind.

29
Q

What is neurodegenerative diseases?

A

Neurodegenerative Diseases – diseases characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain.

30
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Alzheimer’s Disease - neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline and personality change.

31
Q

List at least 3 symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Symptoms:
- decrease in cognitive functions, such as the ability to plan, problem-solve, and think logically.
- personality change.
- changes in mood and emotion.
- frequently becoming confused or disoriented.
- difficulty with language and communication.

32
Q

How is Alzheimer’s diagnosed? And define.

A

Diagnosis:
- A conclusive diagnosis can only happen in a post-mortem examination however it can be diagnosed through brain imaging and cognitive tests etc.
o Post-Mortem Examination - an assessment of a dead body that occurs to determine the cause of death.

33
Q

List 4 effects of Alzheimer’s on the brain

A
  • Amyloid Plaques
  • Neurofibrillary Tangles
  • Cortical Shrinkage – Loss of neurons and their connections
  • Imbalance in Acetylcholine (Neurotransmitter involved with memory)
34
Q

Define Lesion and list and define the main ones involved in Alzheimer’s

A

Lesion - an area of tissue that has been damaged due to disease or injury.
- Amyloid Plaques - fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons. (Protein Deposits)
o Prevents memories from forming.
- Neurofibrillary Tangles - an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transportation of essential substances and eventually kill the neuron entirely.

35
Q

What does brain imaging allow researchers to see?

A

Allows researchers to see tumours, cortical shrinkage, lesions, inactivty etc.

36
Q

How do lesions show up on brain imaging

A

Lesions show up as dark spots on brain imaging scans

37
Q

List three types of Brain imaging.

A
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – Imaging technique that measures structure.
  • fMRI (Functional Resonance Imaging) – Imaging technique that measures structure and function.
  • PET (Positron Emission Technology) – Imaging technique that measures function.
38
Q

Alzheimer’s Effects on Memory

A

Effects on Memory:
- It is characterised by a loss of episodic memory in early stages, but as it progresses, the impact on semantic memory is seen as well.
o As Damage can be associated with the hippocampus -> Leads to difficulty to remember episodic and semantic components of personally experienced events.
o This means that paitents lack the ability to draw on their explict memories to create and plan out possible imagined futures.
- Implicit memories remain largely intact allowing for patients to be able to carry out tasks such as playing the piano despite the loss of explicit memories.

39
Q

Define Aphantasia

A

Aphantasia - phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery.
- Can be born with it or acquire it later in life.
- No cause for the phenomenon

40
Q

Define Mental Imagery and explain it.

A

Mental Imagery - the visual representations and experiences of sensory information without the presence of sensory stimuli
- Individuals use sensory information that has been organised in short-term memory and then transferred to long-term memory to recreate perceptual experiences.
- This sensory information can be stored in both our semantic and episodic memories.
- This is initiated by our visual cortex, allowing brain imaging to be used to diagnose aphantasia.

41
Q

Effects of Aphantasia on episodic and semantic memory

A
  • Individuals struggle to retrieve and record autobiographical events (episodic memories) and construct possible imagined futures.
  • Individuals are still able to apply non-visual components of autobiographical memories to future events, however their lack of mental imagery makes this process more difficult and less vivid than those without the condition.
42
Q

Define Mnemonics

A

Mnemonics - devices or techniques used to aid the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

42
Q

List 2 findings of studies on Aphantasia

A

fMRI has been used to study the structural and functional differences in those with Aphantasia.
- Only 1-3% of the population has Aphantasia.
- People with Aphantasia typically have a higher IQ.
- Aphantasia links to Autism and impairments in imagination and social skills.

43
Q

How does Mnemonics Help Memory?

A

How do Mnemonics Help Memory?
- Involves Manipulation of Short-term Memory.
o Organises information into a cohesive whole.
- Helps with the encoding of information in a more useful and useable way.
o Information is more cohesive improving the initial encoding of information.
- Involves linking to your long-term memory.
o Aids storage in long-term memory as they create links to strengthen the storage of information.
o These connections help create strong retrieval pathways which improves the likelihood for the information to be retrieved.

44
Q

List three things to remember about mnemonics.

A

Things to Note:
- Mnemonics do not decrease the amount of information to be stored.
- Mnemonics require the individual to spend time learning and rehearsing it for it to work.
- Mnemonics can fail if it is interpreted incorrectly or if the mnemonic is unable to be retrieved.

45
Q

Define written traditions

A

Written Traditions - practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved and shared through writing and reading.

46
Q

List the types of written tradition mnemonics

A

Acronym, Acrostic, and Method of Loci/Memory Palace

47
Q

Define oral traditions

A

Oral Traditions - practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement.

48
Q

List types of oral tradition mnemonics

A

Sung Narratives and Songlines

49
Q

What is an Acronym

A
  • Acronym - mnemonic device in which the first letters of items form a pronounceable word to aid memory.
    o The first letter of the word acts as a retrieval cue to help bring the targeted information into short-term memory for use.
    o They link information to words or sounds we already know aiding encoding and storage.
    o Acronyms are pronounced as whole words (Such as BODMAS) whilst abbreviations are pronounced as individual letters (Such as AFL)
50
Q

What is an Acrostic

A
  • Acrostic - mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme, or poem to aid memory.
    o The first letter of the word acts as a retrieval cue to help bring the targeted information into short-term memory for use.
    o They link information to familiar phrases or sentences we already know aiding encoding and storage.
    o E.g., Never Eat Soggy Weet-bix (North, East, South, West)
51
Q

Define the Method of Loci/Memory Palace

A
  • Method of Loci/Memory Palace - mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory.
52
Q

List the Steps of the Method of Loci

A

Individuals need to:
 1. Visualise and imagine a familiar route or place.
 2. Select several memorable places (landmarks) on the route or in their chosen place.
 3. Create visual imagery for each item that needs to be remembered. Creating bizarre or funny mental imagery can help strengthen the likelihood of the item being remembered.
 4. Link each item to one of the identified memorable landmarks.
 5. Imagine they are walking along the familiar route or in the place and retrieve each item by observing the items at each landmark.

53
Q

List two strengths of the method of loci

A
  • Powerful technique as order and sequence is built into the memory aid.
  • It can also be further developed over time by adding more rooms etc.
54
Q

What is Sung Narratives?

A
  • Sung Narratives - stories that share important cultural, ecological, and survival information through the use of singing, harmony, and rhythm.
  • Stories told through songs.
55
Q

Factors that determine how Sung Narratives are communicated?

A
  • Factors that determine how Sung Narratives are communicated:
    o Who sings and to whom?
    o What is sung?
    o When it is communicated
    o Where it is communicated
56
Q

What is Songlines?

A

Songlines - multimodal performances conducted as a family or community traveling through Country and spaces in the landscape that record journeys, link important sites, and describe ways to live, care for, and nurture Country.
- Connection between songs and performances conducted to the physical paths travelled.
- Similar to Method of Loci but incorporated song and dance to aid memory

57
Q
A

Psych 3/4 (5 decks)

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