CH 5

Question 1

Define operant behavior

Answer 1

Behavior influenced by antecedent and consequent events

Question 2

Define antecedent

Answer 2

Observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs

Question 3

Define consequence

Answer 3

Observable stimulus change that happens after behavior occurs

Question 4

Define response consequence contingency

Answer 4

The casual if then relation between an operant behavior and its consequence

Question 5

Define a non-contingent consequence

Answer 5

Occurs after a response but not because the response caused it to occurr

Question 6

Define superstitious behavior

Answer 6

Occurs when the individual behaves as though a response consequence contingency exist when in fact the relation between response and consequences not contingent

Question 7

Define reinforcer

Answer 7

A consequence that increases offer behavior above its baseline level

Question 8

Define reinforcement

Answer 8

The process or procedure whereby a reinforcer increases operant behavior above its baseline level

Question 9

Define rewards

Answer 9

Beneficial consequences that we think will function as reinforcers but we don’t know yet if they will

Question 10

Who was the first scientist to demonstrate reinforcers increase the probability of behavior

Answer 10

Edward L Thorndike

Question 11

What did Edward Thorndike build to show the response consequence contingency for reinforcers

Answer 11

He built a puzzle box with cats that pull the string and the door was open

Question 12

What did BF Skinner conclude after studying his animal behavior with rats

Answer 12

Found that when food was delivered contingent upon arriving at the location the rats ran more quickly

Question 13

What are some examples of reinforcers?

Answer 13

Drugs token food sometimes

Question 14

Define loss aversion

Answer 14

Negative reinforcers. Losing something is more effective than positive reinforcement.

Question 15

What do positive and negative reinforces have in common?

Answer 15

Both increase behavior above baseline and both consequences

Question 16

What are 3 ways to positively influence behavior? Considering ALL OF YOUR OPTIONS

Answer 16

SR+ SRe, SRa

Question 17

Define Loss Aversion

Answer 17

Tendency for loss prevention SRa to influence behold more that presentation of the same stimulus SR+

Question 18

Define intristic motivation

Answer 18

Natural drive to engage in behavior because it fosters a sense of competence

Question 19

Define extrunsic reinforcers

Answer 19

Reinforcers that are not automatically obtained by engaging in the behavior. They are artificially arranged

Question 20

What are the 3 objections to using reinforcement?

Answer 20

Intrinsic motivation
Performance inhibiting properties
Cheating

Question 21

Extrinsic reinforcers ___________ ________ intrinsic motivation to engage in behavior

Answer 21

Do not decrease

Question 22

Operant extinction

Answer 22

Responding that meets the reinforcement contingency no longer produced the reinforcer and it falls to baseline no reinforcer levels

Question 23

What are the 4 reliable effects of operant extinction??

Answer 23

Reduces to behavior to preinforcement level
Emotional behavior
Variability
Resurgence

Question 24

Define functional analysis

Answer 24

The scientific method used to
1- determine if a problem behavior is an operant and
2- identify the reinforcer that maintains that operant

Question 25

What is differential reinforcement??

Answer 25

A previously reinforced behavior is placed on extinction while a second more adaptive behavior is reinforced

Combined
First reinforcement
Second extinction

Question 26

What is an automatic reinforcer?

Answer 26

Consequence that is directly produced by the response ( not provided by someone else) and increases behavior above a no reinforcer baseline

Question 27

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

DRI

Answer 27

Topography incompatible with the problem behavior

Question 28

Differential reinforcement of alternate behavior

DRA

Answer 28

Reinforced response can be Any adaptive behavior

Question 29

Differential reinforcement of other behaviors

Answer 29

No replacement response

Reinforcement provided contingent upon abstaining from the problem behavior for a specified interval of time

Question 30

Differential reinforcement of high rate behavior

DRH

Answer 30

Only occurs at a specified high rate

Not enough behavior too slow

Question 31

Differential reinforcement of low rate behavior

Answer 31

Behavior is reinforced when it occurs at a specified low rate
Too much behavior
Too fast

Question 32

Define Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect

PREE

Answer 32

Direct relation prior reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction
More slowly when reinforced intermittently.

Question 33

Define token economy

Answer 33

Set of rules governing the delivery of response contingent conditioned reinforcers that may be later exchanged to one or more backup reinforcers.

Question 34

Define backup reinforcers.

Answer 34

The reinforcer provided after the conditioned reinforcer signals the delay reduction to its delivery

Question 35

What is shaping?

Answer 35

When the desired performance is a long way from target behavior
Series of successive approximations

Question 36

What is flow?

Answer 36

State in which one feels immersed in a rewarding activity and in which we lose track of time and self

Question 37

What are the 6 principles of effective shaping?

Answer 37

1-Objectively define terminal behavior
2-What dimension does the learners behavior fall short of terminal?
3- Mapping out successive approximations, ensure not easy or too difficult
4- reinforce the current response and extinguish everything else
5- be sure learner has mastered each response before advancing
6- lower reinforcement of too difficult