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EAS 201 > Ch 4b: Rocks > Flashcards

Ch 4b: Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

How to identify rocks

A

look at texture, mineralogy and chemical composition

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2
Q

What is texture

A

pattern, internal patterning, orientation of the crystal

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3
Q

Mineraology

A

what are the minerals in it

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4
Q

Rocks

A

Solid, cohesive aggregate of crystals or grains of one or more. Exception: volcanic glass (non-crystalline rocks)

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5
Q

Types of rocks:

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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6
Q

The rock cycle

A

Transition of a rock type into another rock type

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7
Q

Processes:

A

sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous

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8
Q

Sedimentary Process:

A

weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation, deposition, lithification, precipitation, diagenesis

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9
Q

Metamorphic Process:

A

re-crystallization, deformation

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10
Q

Igneous Process:

A

melting, crystallization

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11
Q

What is Igneous Rock

A

crystallizations from molten rock.

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12
Q

Two forms of igneous rock:

A

extrusive (shoots out of the top) and intrusive (doesn’t make it to the surface)

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13
Q

Plutonic Rocks

A

Intrusive Rocks

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14
Q

Intrusive rocks

A

magma cools below the Earth’s surface. Surrounding rock acts as insulator. Magma cools slowly.

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15
Q

Magma cools slowly

A

crystals have time to grow large, coarse grained (Phaneritic)

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16
Q

Phaneritic

A

if you can see the crystals with the naked eye

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17
Q

Volcanic Rock

A

Extrusive rock

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18
Q

Extrusive Rock

A

rapid cooling at the Earth’s surface in air or water.

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19
Q

Cools quickly and rapidly

A

microscopic crystals, fined grained (Aphanitic)

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20
Q

Aphanitic

A

cannot see individual crystals with the naked eye (volcanic glass)

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21
Q

Two types of Extrusive Rocks

A

Lava, Pyroclastics

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22
Q

Pyroclastics

A

“fire fragments”, molten rock and minerals, ash

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23
Q

Volcanic Ash

A

small minerals and volcanic debris. Unique to the volcano and the eruption.

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24
Q

Igneous Composition Types:

A

Felsic to Mafic, in between is intermediate

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25
Q

rock type depends mainly on the proportion of:

A

free quartz, feldspars, Fe-Mg minerals

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26
Q

Felsic

A

free quartz, pink, (Green = ultrafelsic) 800

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27
Q

Intermediate

A

half and half dark and light colors

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28
Q

Mafic

A

Darker 1200

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29
Q

Isotropic

A

equal properties and equal dimensions

eg. Magnatic

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30
Q

Anisotropic

A

there is preferred orientations, no equal properties and equal dimensions
eg. Sediment

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31
Q

Generalizations for Igneous

A

hard and isotropic due to crystalline texture, formed under conditions different at the surface. Brought to the surface via plate tectonics/volcanos

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32
Q

Regolith

A

unconsolidated rock layer

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33
Q

All rocks can be weathered by:

A

water, wind, ice, humans.

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34
Q

Rates are variable and controlled by:

A

properties of parent rock, climate, soil, time

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35
Q

Weathering

A

Break down of rocks at the Earth’s surface, chemical and physical

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36
Q

Erosion

A

Process that loosens and transports rock fragments

37
Q

Physical Weathering

A

physical breakup of material, creating fractures, creates more surface area, no compositional change, stress applied exceeds strength

38
Q

Examples of physical weathering:

A

biological weathering, ice, mineral crystallizations, human activities

39
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

minerals are dissolving and/or chemically altered. Change in particle size (clays are usually made). Weaken the integrity of the material

40
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

solution: dissolve carbonate minerals by adding carbonic acid
Hydrolysis: dissolve feldspars to form clays
Hydration: add water without releasing material
Oxidation: weathering of iron silicates to iron oxides

41
Q

The more stable a mineral ….

A

the more slowly it reacts

42
Q

Minerals that formed at a high temperature and pressure at depth are …

A

unstable at the surface

43
Q

Sediments:

A

unconsolidated material can be loosened and transported. Sediment characteristics can tell us material movement distance and duration

44
Q

Sedimentary Structures

A

many types: dunes ripples, bioturbation (filled tunnels), mudcracks

45
Q

Define diagensis

A

physical chemical changes that occurs during the conversion of sediment to sedimentary rock

46
Q

Sedimentary Rocks: clastic/detrital

A

derived from pre-existing rocks

47
Q

Clastic:

A

Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock

48
Q

Silt

A

gritty but falls apart

49
Q

Clay

A

can be modelled

50
Q

siltstone

A

if you break it, it has feathery wispy appearance

51
Q

mudstone

A

breaks off into clumps

52
Q

if its bigger than sands,…

A

its probably conglomerate

53
Q

Soils

A

continued weathering of sediment: Naturally occurring, unconsolidated, mineral or organic, 10cm thick, at surface and can support plants

54
Q

Soil development depends on:

A

climate, organisms, relief, parent material, time

55
Q

Soil Structure:

A

distinct layers (horizons) are designated with modifiers (indepth horizons)

56
Q

A horizon

A

zone of leaching or eluviation of mineral and organic matter. Maximum organic matter. Coarser texture than B

57
Q

B horizon

A

Zone of accumulation or illuviation. Minerals (clay, oxides, salt) transferred from A

58
Q

C horizon

A

Parent material, pre-existing sediment, shows some weathering due to soil processes.

59
Q

Laterites:

A

wet, warm climates, deep red, highly leached clayey. Ultimate end product of chemical weathering. In the B horizon

60
Q

If T and P increase due to:

A

increasing sediment layer thickness in basins, converging plates, proximity to hot magma bodies. Then enters metamorphsis.

61
Q

Protolith

A

What you started with

62
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

“changed form”. Recrystallized in the solid state. May involve deformation.

63
Q

Bigger Mica =

A

More shiny

64
Q

Metamorphism is caused by

A

change in pressure and temperature

65
Q

Main types of Mrocks

A

Contact, Regional

66
Q

Contact MRocks:

A

cooling of a plutonic body

67
Q

Plutonic:

A

magma chamber that is localized deep in the Earth. Temperature changes but not pressure

68
Q

Regional MRocks:

A

Stress and heating related to plate tectonics. Large scale changes, mountains.

69
Q

If Temperature Increase…

A

partial melting (different minerals melt at different temperatures. Addition of water lowers melting T, increasing P raises melting temperatures.

70
Q

Andesitic:

A

intermediate between felsic and mafic

71
Q

Rhyolitic: Felsic flow

A

more SiO2, doesn’t flow well

72
Q

Basaltic: Mafic flow

A

less SiO2, flows well

73
Q

Pacific Ring of Fire

A

History’s famous volcanic eruptions. Major climate and weather changes.

74
Q

Most significant of the volcanoes are the

A

Stratovolcanoes

75
Q

Stratovolcanoes

A

Composite volcano.
Variable viscosity
Increased water content
Source of many volcanic hazards.

76
Q

Phreatic

A

underground water in a zone of saturation

77
Q

Large _____ eruptions can affect the global climate for several years

A

Pyroclastic-rich.

eg. Mount Pinatubo, PH, 1991

78
Q

Height and amount of material emitted into the atmosphere can cause:

A

Reduced solar radiation (temporary).

Temperature drops related to SOx aerosols (Long-term)

79
Q

Global Spread

A

Once in the stratosphere movement is global, effects become widespread

80
Q

Volcanism is:

A

A suspected culprit for the Permian Extinction.

81
Q

Tectonic Uplift

A

Creates obstacles that control atmospheric flow patterns.

eg. Rain shadow effect, chinooks, breezes.

82
Q

Rain Shadow Effect

A

wet on one side of the mountain, dry on the other

83
Q

Differential Heating

A

Plate tectonics changes relief.

Variable temperatures due to sun angles and heat capacity differences. Changes precipitation patterns

84
Q

Uplift - Mass wasting

A

Steeper slopes promote material transfer, “land slides”

85
Q

Effects of mass wasting

A

damming of rivers, removal of vegetation, soil disturbances

86
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Strongly affected by the rock cycle, common link between climate components.

87
Q

Carbon Cycle: climate components

A

Weathering: removes it from atmosphere
Lithification: confines it
Biological Organisms: need it
Metamorphism and Volcanic Eruptions: release it

88
Q

Describe the process of Diagenesis

A

Sediment piles become thicker –> increases compaction, fluids may precipitate out and cement the pieces together.

EAS 201 (11 decks)

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