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EAS 201 > Ch 2: Solar System > Flashcards

Ch 2: Solar System Flashcards

1
Q

Earth orbits the sun at average distance of

A

150 million km

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2
Q

Other planets extend out to or orbit at distances of

A

40 A.U.

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3
Q

The sun is a ____
with a radius of ____
with a mass of ____
aka ____

A

star, 700000km, 10^30kg, Sols/Helios

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4
Q

The sun’s total energy output is ____, but only ____ reaches earth. Max is ____

A

3.8x10^26, 1.8x10^17, 1370 W/m^2

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5
Q

The amount of energy depends on

A

Angle of incidence

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6
Q

Does the sun’s behavior vary over time.

A

Yes. Sunspot cycle: 11 years

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7
Q

Sunspots:

A

dark patches formed by turbulence within the sun. Associated with magnetic storms on Earth

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8
Q

Sources of Solar Energy

A

Nuclear fusion of hydrogen to make helium

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9
Q

Spectroanalysis

A

determines surface composition, we can only infer whats below the surface.

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10
Q

SOHO

A

uses soundwaves from sun to determine whats under the surface

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11
Q

Most solar energy is output as ____

A

EMR: radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, x-ray, gamma rays.

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12
Q

Most solar energy are:

what does it include

A

short-wave, 10^-5 –> 10^-7,

radio waves, IR, visible light, UV

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13
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

Affect the distribution of solar energy over Earth’s surface. Affects climate: global totals, seasons. Involves eccentricity, axial tilt.

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14
Q

Eccentricity

A

100,000 year period, currently mid-way between most circular and most elliptical

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15
Q

High Eccentricity:

A

more elliptical

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16
Q

Low Eccentricity

A

more circular

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17
Q

Axial Tilt

A

Tilt creates seasons, 41,000 year period. Tilt varies from 21.5 to 24.5. The moon may have some effect on axial tilt. Gravitational pull of the moon

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18
Q

Precession of equinoxes

A

wobble of axis. The tilt direction rotates relative to elliptical orbit. Changes the position of the solstices and equinoxes.

19
Q

Solstice:

A

tilted towards/away from the sun

20
Q

Equinox:

A

tilted in parallel with the sun

21
Q

Planet originally meant

A

wandering star. Planets undergo retrograde movement.

22
Q

Visibile planets include:

A

mercury, venus, mars, Jupiter. Saturn

23
Q

Visible planets via telescope include:

A

Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

24
Q

Terrestrial Planets include:

A

mercury, venus, Earth, mars

25
Q

Terrestrial Planets characteristics

A

Similar size and probable structure: rocky crust, denser rocky mantle, metallic core.

26
Q

Jovian Planets include:

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

27
Q

Jovian Planets characteristics:

A

Thick hydrogen-rich atmosphere, liquid hydrogen interior, denser rock core

28
Q

Molecular Hydrogen

A

normal hydrogen

29
Q

Metallic hydrogen

A

forms a defined crystal lattice, behaves like a metal under extreme pressure, superhot liquid metal.

30
Q

Dwarf Planets include:

A

Pluto, Ceres, Makemake, Haumea, Eris.

31
Q

Physical Laws: Gravity

A

planets are maintained in orbit by gravitational force, varies with distance. F proportional to 1/d^2

32
Q

Physical Laws: Shape of orbits

A

elliptical shape: sun at one focus of the ellipse.

33
Q

Kepler’s First Law:

A

“Law of the Ellipses”

34
Q

Physical Laws: Speed of travel

A

Speed varies: faster when closer

35
Q

Kepler’s Second Law:

A

“Equal Areas”

36
Q

Physical Laws: Orbit Periods

A

period is related to average distance. p^2 = kd^3

37
Q

Kepler’s Third Law:

A

“Orbital Harmony”

38
Q

Comets

A

small bodies in highly elliptical orbits. Similar to Jovian planets, samples of early solar system, Kniper belt, Oort cloud, Jupiter steers comets from inner planets. Icy and dusty compared to asteroids

39
Q

Asteroids and Meteors

A

small body of variable composition. Rock, metallic ion..

40
Q

Asteroids:
Meteors:
Meteorites:

A

in space
in atmosphere
on the ground

41
Q

The BIG BANG

A

about 13.7 billion years (Ga) ago

42
Q

Hubble’s Law:

A

age of universe is back calculation of the rate of expansion

43
Q

Nebula Hypothesis

A

spinning cloud of dust and gas formed the sun and the planets

EAS 201 (11 decks)

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