Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EAS 201 > Ch 4a: Minerals > Flashcards

Ch 4a: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals

A

naturally occurring, inorganic, fixed composition or range of composition, solid, repeating atomic structure (crystalline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atoms and Elements

A

Theres about 90 naturally occurring elements in the periodic table.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Top 8 elements in the Earth

A

Iron (most in the core), Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium, Nickel (most in the core), Sulphur, Calcium, Aluminum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Top 8 elements in the Crust (oceanic order)

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Top 8 elements in the Crust (surface order)

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ are responsible for chemical properties

A

Electrons. Unfilled outer shells are unstable created by losing, gaining or sharing electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ions

A

atoms that have gained or lost electrons. Cations (+), Anions (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three main types of bonding:

A

ionic, covalent, van der Waals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ionic:

A

Attraction between ions of opposite charge. Transfer of electrons. Most minerals (90%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Covalent:

A

Very strong attraction between two or more atoms, share electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Covalent - Metallic:

A

Hybrid bonding, electrons are free to move among the ions; electrical glue. Great conductors, really ductile, flexible bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Van der Waals

A

force of attraction between temporary dipole molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bonding in Crystals:

A

produces a crystal lattice: regular arrangement, controls many mineral properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mineral Properties:

A

crystal habit, hardness, cleavage, fracture, color, streak, lustre, others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crystal Habit

A

Shape, reflects internal crystal structure (constant inter-facial angles). Given time and space can grow very large, limited space = minerals will interlock.
eg. Quartz = hexagonal or euhedral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hardness

A

Measure of the ease with which the surface can be scratched. Mohs Hardness scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mohs Hardness Scale:

A

devised by Austrian Friedrich Mohs , not a linear scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cleavage

A

Tendency of the mineral to break along planar surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cleavage face (plane):

A

Weak bond between atoms or molecules, number of planes and geometric pattern of the cleavage is diagnostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cleavage and Bonding

A

ability to cleave varies inversely with bond strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polymorphism

A

Ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure. Common in metamorphic rocks.
eg. Diamonds and Graphite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fracture

A

Tendency of the mineral to break along irregular surfaces of weakness. Fractures from impurities

23
Q

Color

A

Interaction of light within the mineral, controlled by composition. NOT A DIAGNOSTIC TRAIT.

24
Q

Streak

A

Color of the mineral when powdered. The impurities vanish. More diagnostic than color.

25
Q

Lustre

A

Sheen or reflectivity, quality of reflected light from a mineral surface.

26
Q

Metal’s Lustre

A

metallic

27
Q

Non-metals lustre

A

Earthy, glassy, resinous, pearly

28
Q

Other properties

A

Magnetism, effervesce in HCl acid, iridescence (play of colors due to internal reflections), fluorescence (glow under UV)

29
Q

Elements in the Crust

A

rock-forming minerals: most are combinations of Si and O with the six metals. SILICATE MINERALS

30
Q

Magnetism

A

Means theres a type of iron

31
Q

Iridescence

A

Opal Labradorite

32
Q

Silicates (SiO4)^-4

A

most abundant minerals in the Crust. Divided based on crystal structure

33
Q

Silicates

A

nesosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates

34
Q

Nesosilicates:

A

isolated tetrahedra

eg. Olivine

35
Q

Cyclosilicates

A

Rings

eg. Emerald

36
Q

Inosilicates

A

single or double chains

eg. Pyroxene groups/Amphibole group

37
Q

Phyllosilicates

A

Sheets

eg. Mica

38
Q

Tectosilicates

A

Framework

39
Q

Quartz

A

SiO2, most common single mineral. Low temperature mineral, resistant to weathering and erosion doesn’t break down easily.

40
Q

Feldspar Grup

A

Most abundant mineral group in crust. Contain Al,O,Si,Na,K,Ca. 3D frameworks

41
Q

Ferro-magnesium silicates

A

Main constituent of the mantle, contain iron and magnesium. Chain, ring, and sheet silicates. Dark specs in the rock, tend to form at higher temperatures, less stable at Earth’s surface. Breaks down and turns into clay.

42
Q

Micas

A

Sheet silicates, splits easily, varies from white (Al-rich) to black (Fe-rich)

43
Q

Clays

A

Form sheets that can absorb or lose water, by-product of weathering of other minerals.

44
Q

Non-silicates

A

Do not contain Si, may form compounds or single elements.

Carbonates, Sulphates, Sulphides

45
Q

Carbonates (CO3)^-2

A

chemically precipitated out of seawater by organisms (Limestones).
eg. Calcite, Dolomite

46
Q

Sulphates (SO4)^-2

A

Forms from a tetrahedron. Indicates a water environment

eg. Gypsum, Anhydrite

47
Q

Sulphides (S^-2)

A

No oxygen, important ore minerals (copper, zinc, lead and nickel). Streak works well.
eg. Pyrite, sphalerite, galena

48
Q

Oxides

A

oxygen is ionically bonded to metallic cations, oxides contain oxygen

49
Q

Hydroxides

A

contain hydroxyl

50
Q

Oxides and hydroxides examples:

A

eg. Hematite, Magnetit, Brucite

51
Q

Halides:

A

contain halogens, chemically precipitated.
eg. Evaporites:
Halite (rock salt), Sylvite (potash)

52
Q

Native Elements

A

No processing involved. Neutral atoms, no ions. Metallic, covalent.

53
Q

Native Elements - Metallic

A

Metallic elements held together by metallic bonding.

Precious (gold, silver), base (copper, lead, zinc)

54
Q

Native Elements - Covalent

A

Semi-metallic (Bismuth), Non-metallic (diamond)

EAS 201 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions