Ch 45 Nutrition and Digestive Systems

Question 1

The act of taking food into the body via a structure such as a mouth.

Answer 1

Ingestion

Question 2

If the nutrients in food are in a form that cannot be directly used by cells, they must be broken down into smaller molecules.

Answer 2

Digestion

Question 3

Ion, water, and small molecules diffuse or are transported from the digestive cavity into an animal’s circulatory system or body fluids.

Answer 3

Absorption

Question 4

(Defecation) the process by which animals pass undigested material out of the body.

Answer 4

Egestion

Question 5

Any organic or inorganic substance that is taken in by an organism and is required for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction.

Answer 5

Nutrient

Question 6

Nutrients that must be obtained in the diet in their complete form because the organism does not produce this vitamin

Answer 6

Essential nutrient

Question 7

Only in sponges and single-celled organisms. Organisms use phagocytosis to bring food particles directly into a cell, where the food is segregated from the rest of the cytoplasm in food vacuoles.

Answer 7

Intracellular digestion

Question 8

In an organism’s cavity. Food enters the digestive cavity, where it is stored, slowly digested, and absorbed gradually over long periods of time, ranging from hours to weeks.

Answer 8

Extracellular digestion

Question 9

The digestive cavity of animals in extracellular digestion, because not only does digestion occur within it, but fluid movements in the cavity also serve as a circulatory—or vascular—system to distribute digested nutrients throughout the animal’s body.

Answer 9

Gastrovascular cavity

Question 10

Rhythmic, spontaneous waves of muscle contraction that begin near the mouth and end at the stomach.

Answer 10

Peristalsis

Question 11

To initiate digestion of polysaccharides through the action of a secreted enzyme

Answer 11

Amylase

Question 12

Glands within the stomach wall secrete HCl acid and an inactive molecule called pepsinogen into the stomach lumen. One function of the acid is to convert pepsinogen into an active enzyme which is a protease and begins the digestion of protein.

Answer 12

Pepsin

Question 13

The glandular portion of the stomach, and it secretes acid and pepsinogen.

Answer 13

Proventriculus

Question 14

Partially digested and acidified food move from the stomach to a muscular structure with a rough inner lining that grinds food into smaller fragments.

Answer 14

Gizzard

Question 15

Certain Herbivores (sheep, goats, llamas, and cows) lack the enzymes, the digest cellulose (fiber), but they digest cellulose with the help of microorganisms living within their digestive tract.

Answer 15

Ruminant

Question 16

In the small intestines, Finger-like projection that extend into the lumen of the vertebrate small intestine.

Answer 16

Villi

Question 17

The surface of each villus is covered with a layer of epithelial cells whose plasma membranes form small projection that are known collectively as the brush border.

Answer 17

Microvilli

Question 18

A special type of vessel in the body, which is part of the lymphatic system. Absorbed fat enters these and is eventually dumped into the circulatory system.

Answer 18

Lacteal

Question 19

Contains HCO3-, cholesterol, phospholipids, organic waste, and bile salts. Made in the liver.

Answer 19

Bile

Question 20

A protease is secreted by the pancreas inactively, it is activated in the small intestine by an active molecule enzyme enteropeptidase, This enzyme then activates the inactive forms of chymotrypsin.

Answer 20

Trypsin

Question 21

A protease involved in the breakdown of proteins in the small intestive. Secreted by the pancreas, and activated in the small intestine by the active enzyme Trypsin.

Answer 21

Chymotrypsin

Question 22

The enzyme that digests lipids (triglycerides). Secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine. It is an emulsifier.

Answer 22

Lipase

Question 23

Large lipid droplets are disrupted into many tiny droplets, increasing their total surface area and exposure to lipase.

Answer 23

Emulsification

Question 24

Bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids, and monoglycerides clustered together.

Answer 24

Micelles