Ch 40 Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Question 1

A protein secreted from animal cells that forms large fibers in the extracellular matrix.

Answer 1

Collagen

Question 2

A protein that makes up elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of animals.

Answer 2

Elastin

Question 3

Water in an animal’s cells. The majority of water is found there.

Answer 3

Intracellular Fluid

Question 4

The water found outside of an animal’s cells. Made of plasma and interstitial fluid.

Answer 4

Extracellular Fluid

Question 5

The fluid part of blood that contains water and solutes.

Answer 5

Plasma

Question 6

The fluid filled spaces in between cells.

Answer 6

Interstitial Fluid

Question 7

In a solution, the process that occurs when a solute moves from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Answer 7

Diffusion

Question 8

The movement of water across membranes to balance solute concentrations. Water diffuses from a solution that is hypotonic (lower solute concentration) into a solution that is hypertonic (higher solute concentration).

Answer 8

Osmosis

Question 9

The transport of a solute across a membrane against its gradient (from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration). Active transport requires an input of energy.

Answer 9

Active Transport

Question 10

The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings. (Minimizes large swings in physiological variables.)

Answer 10

Homeostasis

Question 11

I.e. Humans. Regulate the composition of their fluids and solutes a different levels than the external environment. Requires a lot of ATP. These animals can exploit environments that fluctuate significantly.

Answer 11

Regulator Organism

Question 12

i.e. Fish. Animals that conform to their environments so that some feature of their internal body composition matches their external surroundings.

Answer 12

Conformer Organism

Question 13

Accelerates a process. (snowball rolling downhill). Not common. i.e. Childbirth. Nerve signals indicate the cervix is receiving pressure, the brain releases hormones, the hormones make the uterus contract more. The cycle continues until birth.

Answer 13

Positive Feedback Loop

Question 14

A fundamental feature of homeostasis. A change in the variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction. (loss of body temp leads to responses to increase body temp.)

Answer 14

Negative Feedback Loop

Question 15

An animal’s body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it even occurs. (i.e. salivating and stomach churning when one sees or smells food.)

Answer 15

Feedforward Regulation

Question 16

Cells release signals that affect nearby target cells.

Answer 16

Paracrine Signaling

Question 17

Cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells.

Answer 17

Endocrine Signaling

Question 18

Cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells.

Answer 18

Autocrine Signaling