Ch 45

Question 1

monocytes

Answer 1

develop into microphages, they eat a lot

Question 2

lymphocytes

Answer 2

most powerful but are saved for big reactions

Question 3

immunology

Answer 3

study of internal defensive responses

Question 4

immune response

Answer 4

recognizing foreign or dangerous macromolecules and responding to eliminate them, the body then tries to remember the invaders so that it can better respond if it happens again

Question 5

pathogen

Answer 5

creates pain and sickness, bad

Question 6

soluble

Answer 6

dissolved in blood

Question 7

specific vs nonspecific

Answer 7

specific fights off one specific invader at a time, nonspecific is trying to keep everything out

Question 8

nonspecific immune responses

Answer 8

provide general and immediate protection from pathogens, some toxins and drugs, and cancer cells

Question 9

Which is quicker, nonspecific or specific responses?

Answer 9

nonspecific is quicker, specific may requires several hours to several days

Question 10

specific immune responses

Answer 10

highly specific, include immunological memory (remembers what diseases you’ve had and how to fight them)

Question 11

antigen

Answer 11

molecule specifically recognized as foreign or dangerous by cells of the immune system

Question 12

antibodies

Answer 12

highly specific proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens

Question 13

invertebrate immune responses

Answer 13

they are always nonspecific, they use physical barriers such as cuticles, skin, and mucous membranes, they also use antimicrobial peptides which are soluble molecules that destroy pathogens, and finally they use phagocytosis which is the clean up crew that eats bad stuff

Question 14

vertebrate nonspecific immune responses

Answer 14

1) first line defenses: physical barriers, skin, mucous linings of the respiratory and digestive tracts, 2) chemical defenses: mucin (in noses), lysosymes, stomach acid, 3) cellular defense, 4) systemic defense: getting a fever

Question 15

antimicrobial peptides

Answer 15

shaped so that they can poke a hole in things that don’t belong, then those things slowly leak and die

Question 16

soluble molecules that are important in immune responses (nonspecific)

Answer 16

antimicrobial peptides, proteins that destroy pathogens, regulatory peptides

Question 17

cytokines (nonspecific)

Answer 17

signaling proteins that regulate interactions between cells, includes interferons: prevent viral reproduction and help destroy bad cells, interleukins: regulate interactions between white blood cells, can reset the body’s thermostat resulting in fever, and chemokines: signaling molecules that attract, activate, and direct the movement of various cells in the immune system like white blood cells

Question 18

complement proteins

Answer 18

increase the chances than when the bacteria encounters a macrophage, it will be eaten, enhance the inflammatory response

Question 19

interferons

Answer 19

interfere

Question 20

interleukins

Answer 20

send signals to white blood cells

Question 21

chemokines

Answer 21

induce cell movement

Question 22

natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 22

destroy cells infected with viruses, destroy foreign or altered cells such as tumor cells

Question 23

inflammatory response

Answer 23

triggered when pathogens invade tissues, vasodilation occurs, increased capillary permeability occurs (allows fluid and antibodies to leave the circulation and enter the tissues), and increased phagocytosis occurs

Question 24

cell-mediated immunity (specific)

Answer 24

specific T cells are activated, proteins are released that destroy cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens, uses T lymphocytes in the Thymus

Question 25

antibody-mediated immunity (specific)

Answer 25

specific B cells are activated, these cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies, the antibodies then bind to antigens, the B lymphocytes used are found in Bone marrow

Question 26

phagocytes

Answer 26

destroy bacteria, includes neutrophils: the most common type of white blood cell, eats bacteria, and macrophages: large phagocyes that eat bacteria and release antiviral agents

Question 27

lymphocytes

Answer 27

develop from stem cells in the bone marrow, T cells leave the bone marrow and mature in the Thymus, B cells mature in the bone marrow

Question 28

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 28

includes macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells that function as 'professional' APCs, display foreign antigens as well as its own surface proteins

Question 29

T cells

Answer 29

responsible for cell-mediated immunity, T cytotoxic cells (Tc cells) are the 'killer T' cells, there are also T Helper cells (Th) and memory T cells that remember the bacterial viruses your body has already fought, the thymus gland confers immunocompetence (the ability to make a specific immune response) on T cells by making them capable of distinguishing between self and non-self

Question 30

B cells

Answer 30

responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, some activated B cells become memory B cells that continue to produce antibodies after an infection has been overcome

Question 31

Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs)

Answer 31

these 'present' the broken bits of an antigen to the other cells so they know what to look for, immune responses depend on a group of genes that encode MHC proteins, Class I MHC genes=self recognition, Class II MHC genes=APC-identification, every cell in the body can produce MHC I genes but only APCs can produce MHC II genes

Question 32

cell-mediated immunity process

Answer 32

specific Tc cells are activate by a foreign antigen--MHC I complex on the surface of an infected cell (this is the cell's 911 cry for help), a co-stimulatory signal and interleukins are also required, activated Tc cells multiply, giving rise to a clone, clone cells migrate to the site of infection, pathogen-infected cells are destroyed, activated Th cells give rise to a clone of Th cells, clone cells secrete cytokines, B cells and macrophages activated, the helper T cells activate Tc cells using cytokines to attack the invader, APCs express MHC 2 which activates the helper T cells

Question 33

Antibody-mediated immunity process

Answer 33

B cells are activated when they combine with antigen, activation requirements: APC with a foreign antigen--MHC, and Th cell that secretes interleukins, APCs activate the Th cells, activated B cells multiply giving rise to clones of cells, cloned cells differentiate forming plasma cells, plasma cells produce specific antibodies, aka immunoglobulins

Question 34

antigen-antibody complex

Answer 34

may inactivate the pathogen, stimulate phagocytosis, and activate the complement system (the complement system is like the 'frosting' on donuts that makes it more yummy and increases phagocytosis)

Question 35

immunological memory

Answer 35

memory B and T cells remain in the body after an infection and can live for up to 10 years, they are responsible for long-term immunity

Question 36

primary immune response

Answer 36

stimulate by the first exposure to an antigen

Question 37

secondary immune response

Answer 37

stimulated by a second exposure to the same antigen, is more rapid and intense than the primary response

Question 38

active immunity

Answer 38

develops as a result of exposure to antigens, may occur naturally after recovery from a disease, may be artificially induced by immunization with a vaccine

Question 39

passive immunity

Answer 39

temporary condition, develops when an individual receives antibodies produced by another person or animal (such as when you get a blood transfusion or an injection of antibodies)

Question 40

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 40

attacks white blood cells, is a retrovirus (which means it injects RNA into cells), causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS), destroys helper T cells, severely impairs immunity

Question 41

graft rejection

Answer 41

transplanted tissues have MHC antigens, immune response is stimulated, T cells destroy the implant

Question 42

Rh incompatibility

Answer 42

an Rh-negative woman gives birth to an Rh-positive baby, Anti-D antibodies develop, Rh incompatibility occurs in future pregnancies but after the first the mother's body has made antibodies against the protein that the baby makes but the mom doesn't and her body tries to fight off the protein, injuring the baby

Question 43

autoimmune diseases

Answer 43

diseases where the body attacks its own healthy cells, includes rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis (MS) which is an antibody response against human myelin