Ch 39 Flashcards
cell hierarchy order
molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
population
members of a species that live in the same area at the same time
community
populations that live together and interact
ecosystem
a community and the non-living environment
biosphere
multiple interacting ecosystems
4 types of animal tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
epithelial tissue
sheets of tightly packed cells, one or more (simple or stratified) layers thick, this tissue covers, lines, is a barrier, protection, and sensation
5 main functions of epithelial tissue
covers, lines, is a barrier, protection, sensation
2 main functions of glandular epithelium
absorption and secretion
epithelial cell shapes
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
squamous cells
squished flat like squishing a bug
cuboidal cells
like a tube
columnar cells
like a column, long and tall
types of epithelial tissue
stratified squamous, simple squamous, simple columnar, stratified columnar, simple cuboidal, psuedostratified columnar, etc
basement membrane
non-cellular (no living cells), forms a tough layer for cells to anchor themselves to
psuedostratified cells
looks like it’s stratified but it’s not, can tell it’s psuedo because every cell touches top and bottom of cell
where is simple squamous epithelium in the body?
lines blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs, exchange of materials by diffusion
where is simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium found in the cell?
lines passageways, specialized for secretion and absorption
cilia
tiny hairs found on cells that are used to move fluid over the cell or move the cell
what are formed from epithelial tissue?
glands
goblet cells
unicellular glands that secrete mucus
endocrine glands
release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood, example: pituitary gland, thyroid gland
exocrine glands
secrete onto an epithelial surface, examples: sweat glands
epithelial membrane
sheet of epithelial tissue and a layer of underlying connective tissue
mucous membrane
lines a cavity that opens to the outside of the body
serous membrane
lines a cavity that does not open to the outside of the body
connective tissue
consists of fewer cells separated by intercellular substance, fibers in a matrix (fibers in a matrix include: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers), example: bone is a connective tissue
what kinds of specialized cells does connective tissue contain?
fibroblasts, macrophages
what are the functions of connective tissue?
joins other tissues, supports the body and its organs, protects underlying organs
what are the types of connective tissue?
loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, adipose tissue (fat), cartilage, bone, blood
loose connective tissue
in the subcutaneous tissue, between many body parts, fibers in a semifluid matrix
What is another word for cartilage cells? where are they in bone?
chondrocytes; in lacunae, small cavities in the cartilage matrix; in loose connective tissue there are very few cells/nuclei
what are osteocytes and what do they do?
osteocytes are bone cells, the secrete and maintain the matrix of bone
What are the parts of bone?
haversian canals: the cell that the bone is built around, lamellae: concentric circle within an osteocyte, canalicula: teeny canals that connect to haversian canals, lacunae: lakes where osteocytes are found
muscle tissue
is composed of cells that are specialized to contract, each cell is an elongated muscle fiber containing contractile units called myofibrils
what does myo stand for? fibril?
myo=muscle, fibril=fiber
What are the types of muscle tissue? (chart 39-3)
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Describe the characteristics of skeletal muscle.
attached to the skeleton, voluntary control, shaped elongated, cylindrical, with blunt ends, has striations, has many nuclei per fiber, the nuclei is peripherally positioned, has the most rapid speed of contraction of all the muscle tissues, and the least resistance to fatigue of all the muscle tissues
Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle.
located on the walls of the heart, has involuntary control, the fiber shapes are elongated, cylindrical, and fibers that branch and fuse, striations are present, number of nuclei per fiber are one or two, the nuclei are positioned centrally, the speed of reaction is intermediate compared to the other muscle tissues, and the resistance to fatigue is intermediate compared to other muscle tissues
Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle.
located in the walls of the stomach, intestines, etc, the muscle control is involuntary, the fiber shapes are elongated, spindle shaped, with pointed ends, there are no striations, the is one nuclei per fiber which is located centrally, the speed of contraction is slowest compared to the other muscle tissues, and the resistance to fatigue is greatest compared to other muscle tissues
What types of cells are in nervous tissue? Where are they found?
neurons and glial cells; found in brain, spinal cord, and a few various glands
What do neurons do? What do glial cells do?
neurons are specialized for receiving and transmitting signals, glial cells support and nourish the neurons, destroy pathagens, and modulate transmission of impulses
Name all the parts of a neuron and where they are.
cell body: contains the nucleus as well as two types of cytoplasmic extensions, dendrites: the branches or arms that are specialized for receiving signals and transmitting them to the cell body, axons: the long tail that transmits signals called nerve impulses away from the cell body
What are the 11 types of organ systems?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune/lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Explain the integumentary system.
skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, protects the body, helps regulate body temp, and receives stimuli
Explain the skeletal system.
bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints, supports and protects the body, important in movement, stores calcium
Explain the muscular system.
skeletal muscles that enable us to move, cardiac muscle of the heart, and smooth muscle of internal organs
Explain the nervous system.
brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves, principal regulatory system
Explain the endocrine system.
ductless glands that release hormones, works with nervous system in regulating metabolic activities and many other functions
Explain the cardiovascular system.
heart, blood vessels, blood, transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other substances throughout the body
Explain the immune/lymphatic system.
lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, returns excess tissue fluid to blood, absorbs lipids, defends against disease
Explain the respiratory system.
lungs and air passageways, supplies oxygen to blood and excretes carbon dioxide
Explain the digestive system.
digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices, processes food, eliminates waste
Explain the urinary system.
kidneys, urinary bladder, and associated ducts, kidneys remove metabolic wastes and excess materials from blood, produce urine, helps regulate blood chemistry
Explain the reproductive systems.
both male and female systems consist of gonads and associated structures, sexual reproduction, maintains sexual characteristics
What is homeostasis?
the automatic tendency in the body to maintain a balanced internal environment, dynamic equilibrium is maintained by negative feeback systems, regulators respond to couteract changes caused by stressors (some stressors could include cold/hot temps)
What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback?
negative feedback triggers a response that counteracts or reverses the change in the body, but positive feeback is a response that intensifies the changing condition rather than reverse it
What is thermoregulation?
the process of maintaining body temperature within certain limits despite changes in the surrounding temperature
What are ectotherms?
ectotherms are creatures whose body temperature varies with the environment (ecto=outside), ectotherms use very little body energy, need less food, and have limited activity depending on daily and seasonal temperatures
What are endotherms?
endotherms are creatures whose body temperature is controlled by internal mechanisms (endo=within), examples of such creatures are humans and animals, they have increased enzyme activity, are active even in low winter temps, but have a high energy cost
What is acclimatization? Torpor? Hibernation? Estivation?
acclimization=process of adjustment to seasonal changes, torpor=adaptive hypothermia, hibernation=long-term torpor in winter cold, estivation=torpor caused by lack of food or water in summer heat
Explain how the body maintains homeostatic control of blood sugar levels.
If your blood sugar levels get too low, your body signals you to eat and as the food is absorbed, the glucose levels go up; if you eat too much food and your sugar levels get too high your body takes the glucose out of the blood stream and stores it; the body converts the glucose to glycogen by using insulin, if the body takes too much glucose, the pancreas produces glucagon to convert back to glucose
