Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 2 EXAM 1 > Ch 44 > Flashcards

Ch 44 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organisms need 2 things:

1) ________________________________________
2) _______________________________________

A

Chemical enegy for synthesizing ATP/

Carbon-containing compounds for building macromolucules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A _________ is a substance that organism needs to remain alive.

A

Nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ is any substance that contains nutrients.

A

Food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ and ____ provide 4kcal/g; whereas, ___ provides 9kcal/g.

A

Protein and Carbs/ Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

__________ ______ are nutrients that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from diet.

A

Essential Nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There are 8 amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from food. They are called ______ _____ ________

A

Essential Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ are organic compounds that are vital for health but are required in minute amounts.

A

Vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

________ are inorganic substances used as components of enzyme cofactors or for structural use.

A

Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

______ are mineral ions that influence osmotic balance and are required for normal membrane function.

A

Electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ _______ filter small organisms or bits of organic debris from water by means of cilia, mucus-lined “nets”, or other structures.

A

Suspension Feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

______ _______ swallow sediment and other types of deposited material rich in organic matter.

A

Deposit Feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

______ _______ suck or lap up fluids.

A

Fluid Feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_______ _______ are the majority of animals. They seize and manipulate chunks of food by using mouth-parts such as jaws and teeth.

A

Mass Feeder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mammals chew their food and swallow distinct packets or ______

A

Boluses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The diversification of ____ _____ in mammals has allowed mammals to exploit a wide range of foods.

A

Tooth Shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_________ ________ is the diversification of a single ancestral lineage into many species, each of which lives in a different habitat or employs a distinct feeding method.

A

Adaptive Radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

______ is the process of bringing food into the digestive tract.

A

Ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ is the breakdown of food.

A

Digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______ is the uptake of specific ions and molecules across the membrane of the digestive tract

A

Absorbtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ ______ ______ have a single opening that doubles as the location where food is ingested and wastes are eliminated.

A

Incomplete Digestive Tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

____ _______ ____ have two openings: a mouth and an anus.

A

Complete Digestive Tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A tubelike digestive tract has 3 advantages:

1) It allows animals to feed on _______ pieces of food, which expands the range of food sources
2) Different chemicals and physical process occur ________ in a prescribed sequence.
3) ___-____ ______ of food and wastes creates an uninterrupted digestion and ingestion which mean no alternating from waste removal.

A

Large
Independently
One-way flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_____ in the _______ begin the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

A

Enzymes/Saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Breakdown of _______ first occurs in the stomach

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chemical processing of carbs, proteins, and fats is completed in the _____ _________ where the nutrients are absorbed along with water.

A

Small Intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the ______ ______, more water is absorbed and the remaining material is excreted as feces.

A

Large Intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

_______ _____ is the enzyme responsible for starch digestion in the mouth. It cleaves bonds to release maltose from starch and glycogen.

A

Salivary Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

_______ ______ begins the digestion of lipids by breaking down triglycerides into diglycerides and fatty acids

A

Lingual Lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

_______ ________ in the mouth produce amylase and also release water and glycoproteins called mucins.

A

Salivary Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When ______, a glycoprotein released by the salivary glands, contact water, they form mucus.

A

Mucins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The combination of _____ and _____ allow food to become slippery enough to swallow.

A

Water and Mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

______ is a muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach.

A

Esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

______ is a wave of muscular contractions that propel food down the esophagus.

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The prominent widened segment of bird’s esophagus where food can be stored and sometimes processed is called the _____

A

Crop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The ______ is a tough, muscular pouch in the digestive tract, bracketed on both ends by ring-like muscles called ________ which control the passage of material.

A

Stomach/ Sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The _______ has two functions: the churning of food into a uniform consistency and solute concentration, and the breakdown of proteins.

A

Stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

_______ is the enzyme in the stomach that is responsible for digesting proteins.

A

Pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

______ is stored in chief cells and then becomes active pepsin when in contact with an acidic environment.

A

Pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The secretion of _____ in inactive form is important because it prevents protein destruction in cells.

A

Pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

_______ _____ in the pits of the stomach lining are the source of the HCl in gastric juice.

A

Parietal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

____ ___ secrete additional mucus that is found in gastric juices. This mucus lines the gastric epithelium and protects cells from being damaged by HCL.

A

Mucus Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_______ _______ is found in parietal cells and catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water.

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Protons formed in the parietal cells via carbonic acid dissociation are pumped into the lumen of the stomach via ____ _______

A

Active Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The pumping of chloride and protons into the lumen of the stomach works as follows:

1) Carbonic acid dissociates and ____ are pumped into the body while the ________ is pumped out.
2) Via a antiporter, _______ enters the parietal cell and is then travels through a channel into the lumen.

A

Protons/Bicarbonate

Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

An _______ is an eroded area in an epithelium.

A

Ulcer

46
Q

A ________ is a stomach specializing in digesting cellulose not proteins.

A

Ruminant

47
Q

________ is a relationship in which members of two different species live in close contact with each other.

A

Symbiosis

48
Q

Ruminant Digestion:

1) Food enters the large chamber called the ______ where symbiotic bacteria/protists with an enzyme called ______, capable of breaking down cellulose yielding glucose which is fermented into ATP for themselves and fatty acids which are absorbed by the ruminant.
2) The ________ has a similar function as the chamber before it.
3) In the _______, water and minerals are absorbed
4) In the ________, the ruminant has its own digesive enzymes and acts as a real stomach.

A

Rumen/Cellulase
Reticulum
Omasum
Aomasum

49
Q

Most of a ruminant’s food consists of ______ ____ and other compounds produced as waste products of fermentation, and the _____ ______

A

Fatty Acids/ Symbiotic cells

50
Q

The avian _____ has sand and stones lodged in it that act to pulverize their food.

A

Gizzard

51
Q

The ________ ___________ is a long tube where partially digested food mixes with secretions from the pancreas and liver and were digestion is completed and most nutrients and a lot of water is absorbed.

A

Small intestines

52
Q

The small intestines have projections called ______ that in turn have __________ which project into the lumen of the digestive tract and increase surface area.

A

Villi/Microvilli

53
Q

The surface area of the small intestines increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption and because each villus contains ________ ________ and a ______ _______ called a lacteal, nutrients pass quickly from epithelial cells into the blood/lymphatic systems

A

Blood vessels/ Lymphatic Vessel

54
Q

The acidic environment of the stomach destroys the ______ and ______ structures of proteins.

A

Tertiary and Secondary

55
Q

________ cleaves the peptide bonds next to certain amino acids, reducing long polypeptides into small chains of amino acids.

A

Pepsin

56
Q

In the ____ _______, protein digestion is completed.

A

Small intestine

57
Q

The small intestine contains _______, protein digesting enzymes, that digest polypeptide chains into amino acid monomers.

A

Proteases

58
Q

The proteases in the small intestines are synthesizes in inactive form in the ________ which connects to the small intestine via the _______ ______

A

Pancreas/Pancreatic Duct

59
Q

The enzyme _________ activates the enzyme ________ which then activates other protein digesting enzymes. Both enzymes are produced in the pancreas and are transported to the upper reaches of the small intestine.

A

Enterokinase/Trypsin

60
Q

A ______ is a chemical messenger tat influences physiological processes at very low concentrations

A

Hormone

61
Q

________ is a hormone produced by the small intestine in response to the arrival of food and induces a flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas to the small intestine.

A

Secretin

62
Q

_______ is another hormone produced by the small intestine that induces secretion of digestive enzymes by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas, that aid in processing lipids.

A

Cholecystokinin

63
Q

Stomach cells produce the hormone _________ that cause parietal cells to produce HCl

A

Gastrin

64
Q

The pancreas also produces _______ and ______ ________that continue digestion.

A

Nucleases/ Pancreatic amylase

65
Q

________ is produced by the pancreas and digests RNA and DNA

A

Nucleases

66
Q

_____ _________ is produced by the pancreas and continues the digestion of carbohydrates.

A

Pancreatic amylase

67
Q

Principles of Carb/Protein Absorption:

1) It is highly ______
2) it is ______, meaning it requires ATP

A

Selective

Active

68
Q

________ absorption requires the presence of an electrocheical gradient favoring an influx of sodium.

A

Glucose

69
Q

3 Step model for glucose absorption:

1) Creation of electrochemical gradient that favors entry of ______ through the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells.
2) ________ from digested food enters the cell with the ______ via a synporter in the apical membrane.
3) ______ diffuses into the nearby blood vessels through a carrier in the basolateral membrane

A

Sodium
Glucose/Sodium
Glucose

70
Q

Pancreatic secretions act on ____, _____, and _____

A

Fats, Proteins, and Carbs

71
Q

The enzyme ______ ______ in the pancreas, breaks down certain bonds present in complex fats and results in the release of fatty acids and small lipds.

A

Pancreatic Lipase

72
Q

In the small intestine, _______ results from the action of small moleules called bile salts which break down fats.

A

Emulsificaion

73
Q

_____ _____ cause emulsification in the small intestines

A

Bile salts

74
Q

The _____ synthesizes bile salts and secreates bile.

A

Liver

75
Q

The ________ stores bile.

A

Gallbladder

76
Q

_____ raises the pH in the small intestines, breaking down fats into globules allowing pancreatic lipase to digest them.

A

Bile

77
Q

Monoglycerides and fatty acids released by lipase activity enter small intestine epithelial cells via simple diffusion and are processed into protein-coated globules called ___________ which move via exocytosis into lacteals

A

Chylomicrons

78
Q

Digested fats enter ____, lymphatic vessels, which transport the digested fats into lymph vessels which merge with veins. This is so that the digested fat doesn’t clog small blood vessels.

A

Lacteals

79
Q

When solutes are absorbed in the small intestine, so is _____

A

Water

80
Q

The primary function of the ____ ______ is to compact the wastes and absorb water.

A

Large Intestines

81
Q

The _____ is the main section of the large intestine.

A

Colon

82
Q

Feces are held in the _____ which is the final part of the large intestine.

A

Recum

83
Q

The large intestine also as symbiotic microorganisms that digest _______ and also produce _____ _

A

Cellulose/ Vitamin K

84
Q

The ___ and ____ of the large intestines vary dramatically among animals.

A

Size and Function

85
Q

The _____ is a blind sac at the proximal end of the large intestine and digests cellulose.

A

Cecum

86
Q

The _____ is a vestigial (unimportant or non-needed) organ attached to the cecum that is a haven for microorganisms.

A

Appendix

87
Q

______ is the process of eating excrement and absorbing even more nutrients.

A

Coprophagy

88
Q

The _____ is a portion of the large intestines that holds both uric acid and excrement.

A

Cloaca

89
Q

The illness ____ _____ experience abnormally high levels of glucose.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

90
Q

____ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are too high.

A

Insulin

91
Q

Cells that have _____ ____ increase their rate of glucose uptake and processing.

A

Insulin Receptors

92
Q

Insulin stimulates cells in the ____ and ____ _____ to import glucose form the blood and synthesize glycogen from glucose monomers.

A

Liver and Skeletal Muscles

93
Q

The pancreas excretes a hormone called _____ when blood glucose levels are too low.

A

Glycagon

94
Q

Cells in the liver catabolize glycogen and produce glucose via ______________

A

gluconeogenesis

95
Q

_____ and ______ interact to form a negative feedback system capable of achieving homeostasis with respect to glucose concentrations in the blood.

A

Insulin and Glycagon

96
Q

Type _ Diabetes mellitus do not synthesize sufficient insulin.
Type _ Diabetes mellitus are resistant to insulin because it does not effectively activate its receptor in target cells.

A

1

2

97
Q

___ is found in dairy products, and green vegetables and is used for bone and tooth formation, nerve signaling, and muscle response.

A

Calcium

98
Q

_____ is found in salt, vegetables and seafood and is used for fluid balance in cells, protein digestion, and acid-base balance.

A

Chloride

99
Q

_____ is found in seafood and is used for maintenance of tooth structure.

A

Floride

100
Q

____ is found in salt, algae, and seafood, and is a component of thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

101
Q

_____ is found in meats, eggs, whole grains, and leafy greens, and acts as an enzyme co-factor, and the synthesis of hemoglobin

A

Iron

102
Q

_____ is found in whole grains and leafy greens and is an enzyme cofactor

A

Magnesium

103
Q

____ is found in dairy products, meats, and grains, and is used for bone/tooth formation and synthesis of ATP and nucleotides.

A

Phosphorus

104
Q

______ is found in dairy, meat, nuts, fruits, potatoes and is used for nerve signaling, muscle response, and acid-base balance

A

Potassium

105
Q

_____ is found in salt and seafood and is involved in nerve signaling, muscle response, and blood pressure regulation

A

Sodium

106
Q

______ is found in any source of protein and is used for amino acid synthesis.

A

Sulfur

107
Q

_____ __ is found in whole grains, potatos and peanuts and is used for the formation of coenzyme in the citric acid cycle.

A

Vitamin B1

108
Q

______ __ is found in meat, eggs, dairy, and is used for coenzyme in the sythesis of proteins and nucleic acids and in formation of red blood cells

A

Vitamin B12

109
Q

______ is found in meats and whole grain, and is a componen of coenzymes NAD and NADP

A

Niacin

110
Q

_____ is found in greens, nuts, oranges, grains and is used for coenzme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism

A

Folate

111
Q

______ _ is found in citrus fruits, tomatoes, green peppers and is used in collagen synthesis prevents oxidation of cell components and improves the absorption of iron.

A

Vitamin C

112
Q

_____ _ is found in fortified milk, egg yolk, and synthesized by skin exposed to sunlight and aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine

A

Vitamin D

Bio 2 EXAM 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions