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Bio 2 EXAM 1 > Ch 43 > Flashcards

Ch 43 Flashcards

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1
Q

An _______ is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

A

Electrolytes.

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2
Q

The most abundant electrolytes are ______, ________, ________, and ________

A

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium

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3
Q

_____ is the net movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

_______ is a special case of diffusion. It is the net movement of water from regions of higher water concentration to regions of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

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5
Q

A membrane that is ______ ______ is a membrane that some solutes can cross more easily than other solutes.

A

Selectively Permeable

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6
Q

Diffusion of ions occurs along their ________ ________

A

Concentration Gradient

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7
Q

The concentration of dissolved substances in a solution, measured in osmoles per liter, is the solution’s __________

A

Osmolarity

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8
Q

_____ _____ occurs when the concentration of dissolved substances in a cell or tissue is abnormal

A

Osmotic Stress

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9
Q

__________ is the process by which living organisms control he concentration of water and electrolytes.

A

Osmoregulation

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10
Q

__________ are organisms that conform to their ionic and osmotic environment.

A

Osmoconformers

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11
Q

If an organism’s environment is _______ this means solute concentrations inside and outside the animals is equal.

A

Isosmotic

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12
Q

_________ are organisms that actively regulate osmolarity inside their bodies to achieve homeostasis.

A

Osmoregulators

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13
Q

An _________ solution is a solution that is higher in concentration than its environment.

A

Hyperosmotic (Hypertonic)

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14
Q

An __________ solution is a solution that is lower in concentration than its environment.

A

Hyposmotic (Hypotonic)

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15
Q

______ ______ is diffusion along an electrochemical gradient and does not require energy

A

Passive Transport

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16
Q

_______ ______ occurs when energy powers the movement of a solute to establish an electrochemical gradient

A

Active Transport

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17
Q

_______ are proteins that form a pore or opening that selectively admits specific ions or molecules.

A

Channels

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18
Q

_______ _______ are transmembrane proteins that bind a specific ion or molecule and transport it across the membrane by undergoing a conformational change.

A

Carrier Proteins

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19
Q

When solutes move from high concentration to low concentration via channels or carrier proteins _______ ________ is occurring.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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20
Q

______ _______ __________ is where a source of energy is used to move ions against their gradients.

A

Primary Active Transport

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21
Q

________ _________ _________ is what happens after primary active transport has established an electrochemical gradient.

A

Secondary Active Transport

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22
Q

A _________ can use the energy stored in an electrochemical gradient across a cell membrane to transport a different solute against its electrochemical gradient.

A

Cotransporter

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23
Q

a ________ is a cotransporter that moves solutes in the same direction.

A

Symporter

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24
Q

A ______ is a cotransporter that moves solutes in the opposite directions.

A

Antiporter

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25
Q

The channels that water uses to cross membranes are called __________

A

Aquaporins

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26
Q

The result of broken down nucleic and amino acids is ______

A

Ammonia

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27
Q

In fish ammonia is _____ to low _______ and excreted in watery urine.

A

diluted/concentration

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28
Q

In freshwater and marine fish, ammonia diffuses across the ____ into the surrounding water

A

Gills

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29
Q

In mamals and adult amphibians, ______-________ reactions convert ammonia to _____ which is excreted in urine.

A

Enzyme-Catalyzed/ Urea

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30
Q

In arthropods, birds, and other reptiles, reactions convert ammonia to _____ ________.

A

Uric Acid

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31
Q

The type of nitrogenous waste produced correlates with its ________

A

Lineage

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32
Q

Waste production is also related to the _______ that a species occupies and thus the amount of osmotic stress it endures.

A

Habitat

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33
Q

There is a fitness ______-__ between the energetic cost of excreting each type of waste and the benefit of conserving water.

A

Trade-off

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34
Q

______ excretion requires a large water loss but low energy cost

A

Ammonia

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35
Q

______ ______ excretion requires no water loss but requires a high energy loss.

A

Uric acid

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36
Q

Marine bony fish are ________ which means they regulate their internal water and ion concentration.

A

Osmoregulator

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37
Q

Sharks are ________ which means their blood osmolarity nearly matches their environment.

A

Osmoconformer

38
Q

Plants and animal cells use ______ ______ to set up a strong electrochemical gradient for one ion- typically sodium in animals and hydrogen in plants. The sodium or Hydrogen gradient is then used to transport a wide array of other substances without further ________ expenditure.

A

Active trasport/

Energy

39
Q

Sharks’ ______ _____ secretes concentrated salt solutions.

A

Rectal Gland

40
Q

Shark Salt Excretion:

1) _________ is pumped out of the epithelial cells into extracellular fluid.
2) ________ _________ and ______ all enter cell by secondary active transport.
3) As ____ builds up it diffuses down its concentration gradient into the lumen of the rectal gland. through the apical membrane.
4) Following their gradient ______ diffuse into the lumen of the gland.

A

Sodium/
Sodium/Potassium/Chlorine/
Chlorine/
Sodium/

41
Q

In many animals, ________ cells that transport sodium and chloride ions contain the same combination of membrane proteins found in the shark rectal gland.

A

Epithelial

42
Q

Osmoregulatroy cells may be in ________ locations.

A

Different

43
Q

__________ forms of sodium/potassium-ATPase may be activated.

A

Different

44
Q

The _________ of key transport proteins flip

A

Orientation

45
Q

Salt water fish use a ______ ___ to expell salt from their cells.

A

Chloride cell

46
Q

Freshwater fish use a _______ ____ to import salt from the water.

A

Chloride Cell

47
Q

Desert Insects maintain water and electrolyte balance by _______ water loss from their body surface, and regulate the amount of ____ and ______ excreted in their urine and feces.

A

Minimizing/

water/electrolytes

48
Q

Arthropods have an extensive system of tubes called ______ which connects to the atmosphere at openings called ______.

A

Tracheae/Spiracles

49
Q

The ability of arthropods to close their _______ is an important adaptation for minimizing water loss during respiration.

A

Spiracles

50
Q

In arthropods, the nitrogen-containing polysaccharide called ______ and layers of ____ with a layer of _______ are all called a cuticle.

A

Chitin/Protein/Wax

51
Q

An arthropod’s _______ layer is an adaptation that minimizes evaporative water loss.

A

Cuticle

52
Q

Insects must also regulate the composition of blood-like fluid called ________ that is pumped by the heart and transports electrolytes, nutrients, and wast products.

A

Hemlymph

53
Q

To maintain water and electrolyte balance, insects rely on excretory organs called ________ _____ and on their _________, which is the posterior portion of their digestive tract.

A

Malpighian Tubules/ Hindgut

54
Q

The Malpighian tubules have a large ________ _____, and are in direct contact with the hemolymph and empty into the hindgut.

A

Surface Area

55
Q

The __________ ______ are responsible for forming a filtrate from hemolymph. This “pre-urine” then passes into the ______ where it is processed and modified before excretion.

A

Malpighian Tubules/ hindgut

56
Q

If an arthropod is osmotically stressed due to lack of electrolytes and water, then electrolytes and water is reabsorbed in the ______ and returned to the __________.

A

hindgut/hemolymph

57
Q

Principles of Water and Electrolyte Regulation:

1) Water moves only by ________ it is not pumped directly
2) Filtrate formation is not particularly ________
3) Reabsorption is highly _______
4) Reabsorption is tightly __________

A

Osmosis
Selective
Selective
Regulated

58
Q

In terrestrial organisms the key organ of osmoregulation occurs primarily in the ________

A

Kidneys

59
Q

In mammals, nitrogenous waste is brought to the kidneys via the blood in the ______ ____. The cleaned blood is then transported in the _____ ________

A

Renal Artery/ Renal Vein

60
Q

Urine forms in the kidney and is transported to the storage site called the ________ via a long tube called the _______. From there it is transported and excreted through the ________

A

Bladder/Ureter/Urethra

61
Q

Most of the kidney’s mass is made up of small structures called ______ which is the basic functional unit of the kidney and is involved in maintaining water and electrolyte balance.

A

Nephron

62
Q

Most nephrons are located in the outer region of the kidney called the _________. However, some nephrons extend from this region, into the kidney’s inner region called the ________

A

Cortex/Medulla

63
Q

Principles of Mammalian Kidney:

1) Water cannot be transported _______, only through osmosis
2) To move water, cells in the kidney must set up strong ________ _______
3) By regulating ________ _______ and ________ _______ proteins, kidney cells have precise control over water and electrolyte retention or loss

A

Actively
Osmotic Gradients
Osmotic Gradients/ specific channel

64
Q

The 5 Major Regions of the Nephron:

1) The _____ _____ filters blood, forming a filtrate of “pre-urine” consisting of ions, nutrients, wastes, and water.
2) The _____ _____ has epithelial cells that reabsorb nutrients, valuable ions, and water from the filtrate into the blood stream.
3) The ______ of _____ establishes a strong osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding it, with osmolarity increasing as you descend in the region.
4) The _____ ____ reabsorbs ions and water in a regulated manner.
5) The ____ _____ reabsorbs more water and urea leaves the base of the region.

A 
Renal Corpuscle
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
65
Q

The blood vessels associated with the _______ play a key role in bringing “dirty” blood into the _______ and then taking away the molecules and ions that are then reabsorbed from the initial filtrate

A

nephron/nephron

66
Q

In terrestrial vertabrates, urine formation begins in the ________ _________

A

Renal Corpuscle

67
Q

The ________ ___________ is half of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the other part called the ________ which is a cluster of capillaries.

A

Bowman’s Capsule/ Glomerulus

68
Q

The renal corpuscle acts as a ________ device. It allows water and small solutes from the blood to pass through the pores in the ________ ________.

A

Filtration/ Bowman’s Capsule

69
Q

The renal Corpuscle filtrates on a ____-________ basis with blood pressure supplying the force required to perform the filtration.

A

Size-Selective

70
Q

After passing through the Bowman’s Capsule, the filtrate enters the ________ _________ which has a series of prominent small projections called ______ that expand the surface area and aid in absorption.

A

Proximal Tubule/ Microvilli

71
Q

Mechanism of Ion/Water Movement is Driven a “Master Gradient”

1) ______ is removed from the basolateral membrane from the interior of the cell via active trasport.
2) The gradient then allows for symporters to import _____ and _______ into the cell from the Proxiamal Tubule
3) Those solutes then diffuse across the basolateral membrane into the interstitial fluid and then into ___ ______
4) ______ then follows these solutes back into the blood vessels via osmosis.

A

Sodium
Nutrients/Ions
Blood vessels
Water

72
Q

The filtration in the renal corpuscle is based on ______; whereas the reabsorption step in the proximal tubule _______ reabsorbs nutrients, ions, and water.

A

Size/Selectively

73
Q

As the filtrate flows into the ____ of _____ it has a _______ concentration of waste and _____ concentration of nutrients.

A

Loop of Henle/ High/ Low

74
Q

After exiting the Proximal Tubule, the filtrate enters the ______ of _____

A

Loop of Henle

75
Q

The _______of _____ sets up an osmotic gradient based on the substances: ________, ________, and ________

A

Loop of Henle/ Sodium/ Chloride/ Urea

76
Q

Fluid flows down the _______ _______ of the Loop of Henle and water is lost into the interstitial fluid via passive osmotic gradient.

A

Descending Limb

77
Q

The fluid loses Sodium and Chloride in the ______ ________ _______

A

Thin Ascending Limb

78
Q

Additional Sodium and Chloride is absorbed in the ____ ________ ______

A

Thick Ascending Limb

79
Q

_____ passively leaves the Descending Limb which increases the osmolarity, and then Sodium and Chloride is passively transported out of the ______ _______ _____ due to the high concentration created from the initial absorption in the Descending Limb. Then ________ and _______ are actively pumped out of the Thick Ascending Limb

A

Water/ Thin Ascending Limb/ Sodium and Chloride

80
Q

Water and ions in the interstitial fluid are diffused into the _____ _______, a network of blood vessels that run along the loop of henle.

A

Vasa Recta

81
Q

______ is the solute that is responsible for the steep osmotic gradient in the space around the nephron.

A

Urea

82
Q

The activity in the _______ _______ and _______ ______ is highly regulated and is altered in response to osmotic stress

A

Distal Tubule/ Collection Duct

83
Q

Changes in the Distal Tubule and Collection Duct are influenced by _________, signaling molecules.

A

Hormones

84
Q

If sodium levels in the blood are low, the adrenal glands release the hormone ________ which leads to reabsorption of sodium and water.

A

Aldosterone

85
Q

Aldosterone saves _________ and _______

A

Sodium and Water

86
Q

If the organism is dehydrated, _______ ________ is released which is a vasopressin and saves water.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH_

87
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), saves ________

A

Water

88
Q

ADH triggers the insertion of ________ into the apical membrane allowing water to be reabsorbed

A

Aquaporins

89
Q

ADH increases permeability of ______ which is reabsorbed into the surrounding fluid thus creating a concentration gradient favoring _______ reabsorption.

A

Urea/ Water

90
Q

In reptiles, ureters empty isosmotic urine into the ____, a cavity into which the urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts all empty. They then absorb water into the bloodstream through the wall of this region.

A

Cloaca

Bio 2 EXAM 1 (3 decks)

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