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Bio 2 EXAM 1 > Ch 42 > Flashcards

Ch 42 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

______-the study of an organism’s physical structure.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

_____-the study of how the physical structures in an organism function.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

______-heritable traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than those who lack that trait.

A

Adaptations

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4
Q

____-____-are inescapable compromises between traits.

A

Trade-offs

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5
Q

Common trade-off between ______ function and ______ function.

A

Immune / reproductive

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6
Q

_____- short-term, reversible responses to environmental fluctuations
The ability to do this is an adaptation

A

accliatization

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7
Q

If a structure found in an animal is adaptive, it is common to observe that the structure’s size, shape, or composition correlates closely with its _______

A

Function

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8
Q

If a mutant allele alters the size or shape of a structure in a way that it makes its function more efficient, then the allele will ______ in frequency in the population over time.

A

Increase

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9
Q

_____- a group of cells that functions as a unit.

A

Tissue

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10
Q

4 types of tissue:

1) _______
2) _________
3) _________
4) _________

A

Connective, nervous, muscular, epithelial

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11
Q

_______ tissue- consists of cells that are loosely arranged in liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix. The matrix comprises extracellulrfibersand other materials and is secreted by _______ tissue themselves.
Each type of _______ tissue secretes a distinct type of extracellular matrix based on its nature.

A

Connective (x3)

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12
Q

_______ connective tissue- contains an aray of fibrous proteins in a soft matrix and serves as a packing material betwen organs.
Reticular- in the lymphoid organs
Adipose-fat tissue

A

Loose

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13
Q

_______ connective tissue- found in tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones and organs. Dominated by tough collagen fibers.

A

Dense

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14
Q

_______ connective tissue- has firm extracellular matrix. Provides structural support and protective enclosures.
-Bone/Cartalige

A

Supporting

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15
Q

______ connective tissue- consists of cells surrounded by liquid extracellular matrix.
-Blood

A

Fluid

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16
Q

______ tissue- consists of nerve cells called neurons, and other supporting cells. Transmit electrical signals.
Supporting cells regulate ion concentration in space surrounding neurons, and provide neurons nutrients.

A

Nervous

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17
Q

________ muscular tissue- attaches to bones of skeleton and allows for movement

A

Skeletal

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18
Q

________ muscular tissue- makes up walls of heart and pumps blood.

A

Cardiac

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19
Q

________ muscular tissue- cells which are tapered at each end and form muscle tissue that line walls of digestive tract and blood vessels.

A

Smooth

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20
Q

_______ tissue- covers outside of body and lines the surface of organs, and forms glands.

A

Epithelial

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21
Q

______-structure that serves specialized function and consists of several tissues.

A

Organ

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22
Q

______- an organ that secretes specific molecules or solutions such as hormones or digestive enzymes.

A

Gland

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23
Q

Water,nutrients, and other substances are transported, often selectively, across _______

A

Epithelia

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24
Q

Epithelium have an ______ side, which faces away from other tissues and toward the environment, and a ______ side, which faces the interior of the animal and connects to connective tissue. Both sides have distinct structures and functions.

A

Apical/Basolateral

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25
Q

The basolateral connection is made by a layer of fibers called the ___ ______

A

bassal lamina

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26
Q

______ ______-consists of groups of tissues and organs that work together to perform one or more functions.

A

Organ System

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27
Q

The organism as a whole is ______ than the sum of its parts

A

greater

28
Q

______ tissue, ______ tissue, and ________ tissue can undergo mitosis. ______ tissue cannot undergo mitosis.

A

Connective/muscular/ epithelial/

Nervous.

29
Q

Law of gravity affects ______

A

size

30
Q

rate of diffusion is based on _______

A

Surface Area

31
Q

rate of nutrient use is based on ________

A

Volume

32
Q

As an animal’s size increases, ______ increases faster.

A

Volume

33
Q

___ (oxygen consumption) is based on surface area

A

BMR

34
Q

____, ______ and _____ all increase surface area.

A

Folding/Flattening/Branching

35
Q

The ______ the organism, the larger the Surface Area/Volume ratio.
The ______ the organism, the smaller the Surface Area/Volume ratio.

A

Smaller/

Larger

36
Q

______ ____ is the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual.

A

Metabolic rate.

37
Q

___ is the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach, and under normal temperature and moisture.

A

BMR

38
Q

______ animals have higher relative BMR than ______ animals.

A

Small/Large.

39
Q

Larger organisms must have its mass-specific metabolic rate _______. Otherwise the surface area available for exchange of materials would fail to keep up with the metabolic demands generated by the organism’s enzymes.

A

Decrease.

40
Q

_______ is the chemical and physical stability of an organism’s internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

41
Q

2 Types of Homeostsis:

1) _________-Changing body to external environment’s conditions.
2) _________-Changing internal state to keep it within limits that can be tolerated despite external variance.

A

Conformation/

Regulatory

42
Q

The ______ is responsible for forming an internal environment that can be dramatically different from external environment.

A

Epithelium

43
Q

Most enzymes function best under fairly ______ range of conditions.

A

Narrow

44
Q

_____ _______- a normal or target range of values fr the controlled variable.

A

Set Points

45
Q

3 Components of Homeostasis:

1) ______-senses aspect of external or internal environment.
2) _____-evaluates incoming sensory information and decides if response is necessary.
3) ______-any structure that helps restore the desirable internal environment.

A

Sensor
Integrator
Effector

46
Q

Homeostasis is based on the mechanism of _________ ________

A

Negative feedback

47
Q

______ ______-the effector reduces or opposes the change in internal conditions.

A

Negative Feedback

48
Q

Heat flows from regions of _______ temperature to ______ temperature.

A

High/Low

49
Q

______-direct transfer of heat between 2 solid objects.

A

Conduction.

50
Q

_______-transfer of heat between a solid and moving gas or liquid.

A

Convection.

51
Q

______-is the transfer of heat between 2 objects that are not in direct physical contact.

A

Radiation.

52
Q

______-phase change that occurs when liquid becomes gas and can only be heat loss.

A

Evaporation.

53
Q

_________-the controlling of body temperature.

A

Thermoregulaion

54
Q

An _______ produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue.

A

Endotherm

55
Q

An _______ relies principally on heat gained from the environment.

A

Ectoherm

56
Q

A _______ keeps its body temperature constant.

A

Homeotherm

57
Q

A _______ allows its body temperature to rise or fall depending on the environment.

A

Heterotherm

58
Q

_______ is the reduction of metabolic rate to allow body temperature to drop. When this persists for long periods of time, it is called ________

A

Torpor/

Hibernation

59
Q

The ______ region in the brain acts as an integrator for changes in blood temperature.

A

Hypothalmus

60
Q

______-______ ______ speed the refolding of proteins, a key step in the recovery process.

A

Heat-shock proteins

61
Q

______ is common in feedback system because there are usually several ways to change a parameter.

A

Redundancy

62
Q

Feedback systems usually work in “_____ _____”, where one set of responses increases a parameter while a corresponding set of responses decreases it.

A

Antagonistic Pair

63
Q

Feedback systems are _______ making fine adjustments relative to the set point.

A

Constantly

64
Q

_______-_____ _____ helps minimize heat loss from limbs through the intricately arranged blood vessels. The arteries run anti-parallel to the veins which allows the warm blood from the arteries to warm the cold blood from the veins.

A

Counter-current exchanger

65
Q

Small differences in heat along the length of an ________ sums up to create a large overall temperature gradient from beginning to end. I.E. the ______ the system, the greater the overall difference.

A

Exchanger/Longer

Bio 2 EXAM 1 (3 decks)

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