Ch 42 Flashcards
______-the study of an organism’s physical structure.
Anatomy
_____-the study of how the physical structures in an organism function.
Physiology
______-heritable traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than those who lack that trait.
Adaptations
____-____-are inescapable compromises between traits.
Trade-offs
Common trade-off between ______ function and ______ function.
Immune / reproductive
_____- short-term, reversible responses to environmental fluctuations
The ability to do this is an adaptation
accliatization
If a structure found in an animal is adaptive, it is common to observe that the structure’s size, shape, or composition correlates closely with its _______
Function
If a mutant allele alters the size or shape of a structure in a way that it makes its function more efficient, then the allele will ______ in frequency in the population over time.
Increase
_____- a group of cells that functions as a unit.
Tissue
4 types of tissue:
1) _______
2) _________
3) _________
4) _________
Connective, nervous, muscular, epithelial
_______ tissue- consists of cells that are loosely arranged in liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix. The matrix comprises extracellulrfibersand other materials and is secreted by _______ tissue themselves.
Each type of _______ tissue secretes a distinct type of extracellular matrix based on its nature.
Connective (x3)
_______ connective tissue- contains an aray of fibrous proteins in a soft matrix and serves as a packing material betwen organs.
Reticular- in the lymphoid organs
Adipose-fat tissue
Loose
_______ connective tissue- found in tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones and organs. Dominated by tough collagen fibers.
Dense
_______ connective tissue- has firm extracellular matrix. Provides structural support and protective enclosures.
-Bone/Cartalige
Supporting
______ connective tissue- consists of cells surrounded by liquid extracellular matrix.
-Blood
Fluid
______ tissue- consists of nerve cells called neurons, and other supporting cells. Transmit electrical signals.
Supporting cells regulate ion concentration in space surrounding neurons, and provide neurons nutrients.
Nervous
________ muscular tissue- attaches to bones of skeleton and allows for movement
Skeletal
________ muscular tissue- makes up walls of heart and pumps blood.
Cardiac
________ muscular tissue- cells which are tapered at each end and form muscle tissue that line walls of digestive tract and blood vessels.
Smooth
_______ tissue- covers outside of body and lines the surface of organs, and forms glands.
Epithelial
______-structure that serves specialized function and consists of several tissues.
Organ
______- an organ that secretes specific molecules or solutions such as hormones or digestive enzymes.
Gland
Water,nutrients, and other substances are transported, often selectively, across _______
Epithelia
Epithelium have an ______ side, which faces away from other tissues and toward the environment, and a ______ side, which faces the interior of the animal and connects to connective tissue. Both sides have distinct structures and functions.
Apical/Basolateral
The basolateral connection is made by a layer of fibers called the ___ ______
bassal lamina
______ ______-consists of groups of tissues and organs that work together to perform one or more functions.
Organ System