Ch 42 Animal Forms Flashcards
Adaptation results from evolution by???? (Oh Natural)
Natural Selection
What is a trade-off?
compromises between traits
What is the difference between Adaptation and Acclimatization?
Adaptation- GENETIC change in POPULATION
Acclimatization-PHENOTYPIC change in INDIVIDUAL
What is an example of Adaptation?
The finches, mutant allele alters the size or shape of a structure that favors the organism, Individuals who have that allele will produce more offspring than others therefore, increasing the allele frequency in the population
What is an example of Acclimatization?
Short-term, You are in room and it’s cold then you’re acclimating to that the temperature, Then you go outside and it’s hot and your acclimating to that temperature
The embyonic tissues give rise to four adult tissue type, what are they? (C, N, M, E)
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Epithelial tissue
What FOUR types of connective tissue are there? (L, D, S, F)
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Supporting connective tissue
- Fluid connective tissue
What is a TISSUE?
A group of SIMILAR cells that FINCTION AS A UNIT.
What is an example of Loose connective tissue?
It is an array of fibrous proteins in a SOFT MATRIX, cells are suspended in a matrix of fibers and fluid
Ex: Adipose/ Fat tissue
What is an example of Dense connective tissue?
Connects muscles, bone, and organs.
Found in TENDONS (B, T, M), LIGAMNETS (B, L, B)
What is an example of Supportive connective tissue?
Has a FIRM extracellular matrix.
Ex: Bone and Cartilage
What is an example of Fluid connective tissue?
Cell are surrounded by a liquid Matrix
Ex: Blood, has ECM called plasma
What does the Nervous tissue consist of?
Nerve Cells
What is the Anatomy of a nerve cell?
Dendrites, cell body, and Axon
What do nerve cells do?
They transmit electrical signals
What is a dendrite?
Part of a Nerve cell. Highly branched, short projections. Transmit electrical signals form other cells to the cell body.
What is an Axon?
Part of the Nerve cell. Long projections
Carry electrical signals from the cell body to other cells
What is the function of Muscle tissue?
Movement
What are the three types of Muscle tissue? (S, C, S)
Skeletal-attatched to BONE-voluntary
Cardiac-Pumping blood-Involuntary
Smooth-Lines blood vessels-Involuntary
What is Epithelial tissue?
Tissues that cover the outside of the body and line the surface of organs. (Think: Donut)
What is an Organ?
A structure that serves a SPECIALIZED FUNCTION, consists of several tissues
Ex: Small intestine, consists of muscle, nervous, connective and epithelial tissues
What is a Gland?
A GROUP OF CELLS (Organ) that SECRETE specific molecules or solution.
Ex: Thyroid gland, Pancreas
What are the two sides of an Epithelial cell?
Apical side-faces AWAY from other tissues (faces the environment)
-lines organs, secrete mucus
Basolateral side-faces the animal’s INTERIOR
What TWO tissues were key innovations in the evolution of animals?
Nervous tissue and Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue act as WHAT? to allow what comes in or out
Gatekeeper, acts as a BARRIER and PROTECTIVE layer
What does the basal lamina connect?
Connects the epithelial to the connective tissue
What is an Organ system?
consists of groups of tissues and organs that work together to perfom one or more functions
As an animal gets larger, does its volume increase much faster than its surface area?
YES
What is Metabolic rate?
Overall rate of energy consumption by an individual.
What is BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)?
The rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest, with an empty stomach, under normal temperature and moisture conditions.
As an organism’s size increases, its mass-specific metabolic rate must?(incr or decr)
DECREASE
Smaller animals will consume more O2 than a larger animal this means that the smaller animal has a higher what? (3 letters)
BMR
If the function of a cell or tissue depends on diffusion, it usually has a shape that increases its surface area relative to its volume, what are those adaptations?
Flattening-Gills in fish have flattened, sheetlike structures called lamellae
Folding-The mammals small intestine has folds and extending from those folds there are narrow projections called villi
Branching- Small blood vessels called capillaries are highly branched
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of relatively constant internal environment.
-internal chemical and physical states are kept within a tolerable range
What are two approaches to achieving homeostasis?
Conformation
Regulation
What is Conformation in Homeostasis? (Rock Cod ex)
Occurs by conformation to the external environment.
Antarctic Rock Cod does not actively regulate its body temperature to math that of the seawater (-1.9C), Its body temperature remains constant because it conforms to the temperature of its constant surroundings. If Cod is placed at a warmer temp then it would not survive
What is Regulation in Homeostasis?
It is based on mechanisms that adjust the internal state to keep it within limits that can be tolerated, no matter the external conditions.
Ex: A dog maintains a body temp of about 38C whether its cold or hot outside. If the dog’s body temp rises, it might pant to cool off and maintain homeostasis. If temp falls, dog might shiver to bring its temp back up to target value
What role does the Epithelium have in achieving homeostasis?
Plays a vital role in maintaining physical and chemical homeostasis.
Functions as barrier that seperates internal and external environment of animals
Controls the exchange of materials across its surfaces in a way that is consistent with homeostasis
True or False: Homeostasis dependent on enzyme function.
TRUE
How do animals achieve homeostasis?
By Negative Feedback
What are the THREE general components in a homeostatic system?
Sensor
Integrator
Effector
What is a Sensor?
Structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment.
Ex: eat a snicker so it senses that there is an Increase in sugar in your system
What is an Integrator?
(Thermostat) It is a component of the nervous system that evaluates the incoming sensory information and “decides” if a responds is necessary to achieve homeostasis.
Ex: says “hey there’s too much sugar here, we need to send a signal to EFFECTOR to start restoring that desired measure”
What is the Effector?
(A/C unit) Any structure that helps restore the desired internal conditions
Do we need those three elements for homeostatic control? (sensor, Integrator, Effector)
YES, without them homeostasis is impossible
How does heat flow?
Heat flows from HIGH temp to LOW temp
Overheating can cause what? (2)
Protein denature
leads to excessive water loss, then protein denature
Low body temperature can do what to enzymes?
Can SLOW down enzyme function and energy production
In what FOUR ways(mechanisms) do animals exchange heat with their environment?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporization
How is Conduction used in heat exchange?
(Physical bodies), DIRECT transfer of heat between two PHYSICAL bodies that are in contact with each other.
How is Convection used in heat exchange?
(Solid & Liquid), Heat is exchanged between solid and a liquid or gas rather than between two solids
How is Radiation used in heat exchange?
(No physical contact) The transfer of heat between two bodies that are NOT in direct physical contact.
Ex: a lot of people in a small room can start getting hot
How is Evaporation used in heat exchange?
(Sweat) The phase exchange that occurs when liquid water becomes a gas
Thermoregulation can be different in many animals, many animals control their body temperature in different ways, What are TWO ways animals obtain heat?
Endotherm
Ectotherm
What is an ENDOtherm?
(Humans) Produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues.
Also, Fur or high adipose tissue in animals help to maintain body temp
Have higher metabolic rates and thus can be more active
What is an ECTOtherm?
(Snakes) Relies on heat gained from the environment
Generate little heat as a by-product of metabolism, they have low metabolic rate
What TWO ways can animals hold their body temperatures constant?
Homeotherms-keep body temp constant
Heterotherms-allow their body temp to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions
Why do small mammals that inhabit cold climated lose heat rapidly?
Because their surface area is larger relative to their volume.
How can small mammals survive when temp are cold?
species like the ground squirrel reduce their metabolic rate and allow their body temp to drop
What is Torpor and Hibernation in thermoregulation?
Torpor-a TEMPORARY drop in body temp
Hibernation-a LONGER drop in body temp
What are the sources of heat gain in ectotherms?
Radiation and Conduction.
Ectotherms bask in sunlight or lie on warm rocks or soil
What is countercurrent? Ex: Whale
The whale’s tongue is kept warm as it maintains open in the cold water do to antiparallel blood vessels in the tongue. Arteries that bring blood to the tongue and closely with the veins that take blood from tongue to hear and there is heat exchange between the blood vessels
