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Exam 4 BIO > Ch 33, 42, 52,57 > Flashcards

Ch 33, 42, 52,57 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In what clade do animals occur?

A

Clade Opishokonta

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2
Q

Along with phylum animals what other two phylums are in Clade Opishokonta?

A

Fungi and single celled protists called Choanoflagellates

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3
Q

What 3 KEY traits do Eukaryote animals share?

A

Multicellularity,
Heterotrophy,
Motility

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4
Q

What differs Multicellularity between Animals and Plants?

A

Animal multicellularity contain cells that:

  1. Lack cell wall (plants have cell walls)
  2. Have extensive Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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5
Q

How do animals differ from Protists and fungi in being Heterotrophs?

A

Animals:

  1. Obtain necesarry carbon compounds from other organisms
  2. most ingest food rather than absorbing it (fungi digest then abosorb food)
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6
Q

What sets Motility in animals different than others?

A

Animals move under their own power typically using muscles

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7
Q

All animals except sponges have what two things?

A 
Nerve Cells (sponges dont have any)
Muscle Cells (sponges dont have any)
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8
Q

How are animals and fungi similar?

A

both multicellular heterotrophs

both digest and absorb nutrients

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9
Q

What is one thing that seperates animals from the rest?

A

Animals are the only multicellular heterotrophs on the tree of life that ingest their food before digesting it

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10
Q

Animals are the largest what?(3)

A

predators, herbivores, and detritivores on Earth. Key consumers in virtually every ecosystem

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11
Q

Animals are the largest what?(3)

A

predators, herbivores, and detritivores on Earth. Key consumers in virtually every ecosystem

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12
Q

What Key Innovations occurred in order for biologists to study animal evolution?

A

Fossils
Comparative morphology
Comparative genomics

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13
Q

What are two mechanisms of embryonic development? (two subgroups)

A

Protrostomes (mouth develops b4 anus)

Deuterostomes(anus develops b4 mouth)

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14
Q

How is the mesoderm on an embryonic protostome?

A

They have two BLOCKS of mesoderm

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15
Q

How is the mesoderm on an embryonic deuterostome?

A

They have LAYERS of mesoderm cells

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16
Q

How do Lochotrophozoans grow?

A

Grow by extending the size of their skeleton

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17
Q

How do Ecdysozoans grow?

A

Grow by shedding their external skeleton or outer covering (exoskeleton)

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18
Q

What groups are in the Lochotrophozoa? (think P-AM)

A

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms (Planarian))
Annelida (Earthworm, Clamworm)
Mollusca (Clams, Squids)

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19
Q

What groups are in the Ecdysozoa? (think Ec- N-A)

A

Nematoda (Roundworm)

Arthropoda (Crayfish, Hermit crab, Grasshopper)

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20
Q

What do Vertebrates posses that sets them apart from Invertebrates?

A

Segmented backbone

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21
Q

Vertabrates are a monophyletic lineages with in the Chordata, What organisms might you find in the Chordata?

A

Fishes, Pigs, Reptiles, Birds, amphibians and Mammals (humans))

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22
Q

Is segmentation just a backbone???

What other organisms might present segmentation?

A

No it’s also repeated body structure

Ex: Annelids, Arthropods

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23
Q

What were the ancestors of animals?

A

single-celled protists

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24
Q

What other two phylum are under the Clade Opisthokonta? (F & C)

A

Fungi and Choanoflagellates

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25
Q

What are the 6 KEY TRAITS that Eukaryotic Animals share that distinguishes it from fungi, protists or plants ?

A
  1. All animals are multicellular w/ cells that lack cell wall
    2.All animals are heterotrophs ( obtain food and carbon compounds from OTHER organisms)
  2. All animals MOVE under theor own power
  3. All animals other than sponges have:
    neurons and muscle cells
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26
Q

How is Fungi and Animals the similar?

A

They are both Multicellular Heterotrophs the digest (break-down) and absorb nutrients.

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27
Q

Are is Fungi and Animals different?

A

Animals are the only multicellular heterotroph on the tree of life that usually INGEST their food FIRST, before they DIGEST it.

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of data that Biologists consider to study the evolution of animals?

A

Fossils, Comparative morphology, Comparative genomics

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29
Q

How is using Fossils a good thing when studying evolution (3)?

A

They provide the ONLY direct evidence of WHAT ancient animals looked like ( animal morphology), WHEN they existed, and WHERE they lived

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30
Q

How is using Fossils a bad thing when studying evolution (4)?

A

Fossils more likely occur in animals that were ABUNDANT, had HARD PARTS, lived in areas where SEDIMENTATION was occuring, and/or LIVED RECENTLY

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31
Q

How is Comparative morphology be used in animal evolution?

A

provides information about Embryonic, larval, or adult morphological characteristics that are commom among groups of animals

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32
Q

How can Comparative morphology data be used?

A

Define the fundamental architecture, or BODY PLAN of each lineage
Infer which characteristics arose first
Infer which animal groups are more closely related

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33
Q

How is Comparative genomics used in animal evolution?

A

provides info about relative similar genes or whole genomes of diverse organisms.
Provides insight into phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary history

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34
Q

Are animals a monophyletic group?

A

Yes, they share a common ancestor

35
Q

According to fossil record, what organism was the first to appear?

A

Sponges

36
Q

Why are sponges considered a MONOphyletic group?

A

Because of their UNIQUE body plan

37
Q

Why are sponges considered PARAphyletic?

A

They contain SOME, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor

38
Q

What does the TOOL KIT of genes contain that are necessary for all basic molecullar processes required by animals? (6)

A
  1. Specialization of cells
  2. Regulation of cell cycling and growth
  3. Adhesion among cells, and between cells and ECM
  4. Recognition of self and non-self, thus innate immunity
  5. Developmental signaling and gene regulation
  6. Programmed death (Apoptosis)
39
Q

What is a DIPLOBLAST?

A

animals that have TWO germ layers (Ectoderm and Endoderm)

40
Q

What is a TRIPLOBLAST?

A

animals that have THREE germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm)

41
Q

What does the Ectoderm give rise to? (O-tracto-derm)

A

Skin and Nervous system, (what you SEE)

42
Q

What does the Mesoderm give rise to?

A

Circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures such as bone and most organs

43
Q

What does the Endoderm give rise to?

A

The lining of the digestive tract

44
Q

True or False: In general, then, ectoderm produces the covering of the animal and endoderm generates the digestive tract, mesoderm gives rise to the tissue in between?

A

TRUE

45
Q

Which two organisms are DIPLOBLASTIC?

A

Cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes)

Ctenophores

46
Q

Which organisms are TRIPLOBLASTIC?

A

ALL other organisms EXCEPT Cnidarians and Ctenophores

47
Q

Which type of body symmetry evolved first?

A

Radial Symmetry

48
Q

How many planes of symmetry do Radial Symmetrical organisms have?

A

At LEAST two planes of symmetry. If you cut then at the center at any plane they will produce identical halves.

49
Q

How many planes of symmetry do Bilateral Symmetrical organisms have?

A

ONE plane of symmetry. If you cut them in half in long ways they produce two identical halves

50
Q

Does Radial symmetry occur on DIPLOBLASTIC or TRIPLOBLASTIC organisms?

A

In TRIPLOBLASTIC organisms

51
Q

What is an Acoelomate?

A

Triploblasctic, with NO body cavity (Flatworms, Planarians, Platehelmenthes)

52
Q

What is a Pseudocoelomate?

A

Triploblastic, with a body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm (Roundwornd, Ascaris, Nematoda)

53
Q

What is a Coelomate?

A

Triploblastic, with a body cavity in between the mesoderm

54
Q

Do Bilaterians poses a tube-within-tube?

A

Yes, They are triplablastic with mouth at one end and anus at the other

55
Q

Why was the Coelom an important innovation during animal evolution?

A

it is an enclosed, fluid-filled chamber that can act as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton

56
Q

What is important about a Coelom?

A
  1. It provides a space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate
  2. Enables the internal organs to move independently of each other
  3. Gives bilaterally symmetric organisms the ability to move efficiently in search of food.
57
Q

In a Protostome, the blastospore develops in to what?

A

Mouth

58
Q

In a Deuterostome, the blastospore develops in to what?

A

Anus

59
Q

In the phylogenetic tree, which clade are Protostomes?

A

Lophotrochozoans (P, A-M) and Ecdysozoans (N-A)

60
Q

In the phylogenetic tree, which clades are Deuterostomes?

A

Echinodermata (Seastar, Sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea anemone)
Chordata

61
Q

How is body cavity formed in a PROTOSTOME?

A

Two mesoderm block hollow out (Open up) to form cavity

62
Q

How is body cavity formed in a DEUTEROSTOME?

A

Two fluid-filled sacks lined with mesoderm tissue PINCH-OFF to form cavity.

63
Q

How do Lochotrophozoans grow?

A

They grow by extending the size of their skeleton, grow when conditions are good.

64
Q

How do Ecdysozoans grow?

A

They grow by shedding their external exoskeleton and expanding their body

65
Q

What is a difference between VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES?

A

Vertebrates have a segmented BACKBONE

Invertebrates don’t have a backbone

66
Q

What FOUR themes played a role in the diversification of animals?

A
  1. Higher Oxygen levels
  2. Evolution of predation
  3. New niches beget (gives rise) new niches
  4. New genes, new bodies
67
Q

What are some common senses in almost all animals?

A

Sight, Hearing, Taste/smell, and touch. At least some ability to sense temperature.

68
Q

As animals diversified, what special sensory abilities did some animals evolved?

A

Magnetic field
Electric field
Barometric pressure

69
Q

What does a Detritivore feed on?

A

Feed on DEAD organic matter

70
Q

What does a Herbivore feed on?

A

Feed on plants or algae

71
Q

What does a Carnivore feed on?

A

Feed on other animals

72
Q

What does a Omnivore feed on?

A

Feed on BOTH PLANTS and ANIMALS

73
Q

What are the FOUR general Diversification of feeding strategies?

A
  1. Suspension feeders
  2. Deposition feeders
  3. Fluid feeders
  4. Mass feeders
74
Q

What are Suspension feeders?

A

filter feeders. Capture food by filtering out or concentrating particles floating in water.
Ex: Barnacles

75
Q

What are Deposit feeders?

A

Ingest organic material that has been deposited within a subtrate or on surface
Ex: Sea Cucumber

76
Q

What are Fluid feeders?

A

Suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice.
Ex: Butterflies, Hummingbirds

77
Q

What are Mass feeders?

A

Take chunks of food into their mouths

Ex: Lions

78
Q

What are the functions of animal locomotion?

A
  1. Finding food
  2. Finding mates
  3. Escaping from predators
  4. Dispersing to new habitats
79
Q

How does evolution by natural selection occur?

A

when individuals with certain alleles produce more surviving offspring than other individuals do

80
Q

What are the THREE different diversification of reproduction?

A
  1. Asexual reproduction
  2. Sexual reproduction-External fertilization
  3. Sexual reproduction-Internal fertilization
81
Q

In embryo development, what is a Viviparous specie?

A

Live-bearing. Species nourish embryos internally and give birth to love young- MOST Mammals

82
Q

In embryo development, what is a Oviparous specie?

A

Egg-bearing. Deposit fertilized eggs; embryos are nourished by YOLK- Most insects, birds

83
Q

In embryo development, what is a Ovoviviparous specie?

A

Egg-live-bearing. Species retain eggs internally and then give birth to live young.
Ex: Garter snakes, Guppies,

Exam 4 BIO (3 decks)

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