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Exam 4 BIO > Ch 33, 42, 52,57 > Flashcards

Ch 33, 42, 52,57 Flashcards

1
Q

In what clade do animals occur?

A

Clade Opishokonta

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2
Q

Along with phylum animals what other two phylums are in Clade Opishokonta?

A

Fungi and single celled protists called Choanoflagellates

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3
Q

What 3 KEY traits do Eukaryote animals share?

A

Multicellularity,
Heterotrophy,
Motility

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4
Q

What differs Multicellularity between Animals and Plants?

A

Animal multicellularity contain cells that:

  1. Lack cell wall (plants have cell walls)
  2. Have extensive Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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5
Q

How do animals differ from Protists and fungi in being Heterotrophs?

A

Animals:

  1. Obtain necesarry carbon compounds from other organisms
  2. most ingest food rather than absorbing it (fungi digest then abosorb food)
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6
Q

What sets Motility in animals different than others?

A

Animals move under their own power typically using muscles

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7
Q

All animals except sponges have what two things?

A 
Nerve Cells (sponges dont have any)
Muscle Cells (sponges dont have any)
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8
Q

How are animals and fungi similar?

A

both multicellular heterotrophs

both digest and absorb nutrients

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9
Q

What is one thing that seperates animals from the rest?

A

Animals are the only multicellular heterotrophs on the tree of life that ingest their food before digesting it

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10
Q

Animals are the largest what?(3)

A

predators, herbivores, and detritivores on Earth. Key consumers in virtually every ecosystem

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11
Q

Animals are the largest what?(3)

A

predators, herbivores, and detritivores on Earth. Key consumers in virtually every ecosystem

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12
Q

What Key Innovations occurred in order for biologists to study animal evolution?

A

Fossils
Comparative morphology
Comparative genomics

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13
Q

What are two mechanisms of embryonic development? (two subgroups)

A

Protrostomes (mouth develops b4 anus)

Deuterostomes(anus develops b4 mouth)

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14
Q

How is the mesoderm on an embryonic protostome?

A

They have two BLOCKS of mesoderm

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15
Q

How is the mesoderm on an embryonic deuterostome?

A

They have LAYERS of mesoderm cells

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16
Q

How do Lochotrophozoans grow?

A

Grow by extending the size of their skeleton

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17
Q

How do Ecdysozoans grow?

A

Grow by shedding their external skeleton or outer covering (exoskeleton)

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18
Q

What groups are in the Lochotrophozoa? (think P-AM)

A

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms (Planarian))
Annelida (Earthworm, Clamworm)
Mollusca (Clams, Squids)

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19
Q

What groups are in the Ecdysozoa? (think Ec- N-A)

A

Nematoda (Roundworm)

Arthropoda (Crayfish, Hermit crab, Grasshopper)

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20
Q

What do Vertebrates posses that sets them apart from Invertebrates?

A

Segmented backbone

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21
Q

Vertabrates are a monophyletic lineages with in the Chordata, What organisms might you find in the Chordata?

A

Fishes, Pigs, Reptiles, Birds, amphibians and Mammals (humans))

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22
Q

Is segmentation just a backbone???

What other organisms might present segmentation?

A

No it’s also repeated body structure

Ex: Annelids, Arthropods

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23
Q

What were the ancestors of animals?

A

single-celled protists

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24
Q

What other two phylum are under the Clade Opisthokonta? (F & C)

A

Fungi and Choanoflagellates

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25
What are the 6 KEY TRAITS that Eukaryotic Animals share that distinguishes it from fungi, protists or plants ?
1. All animals are multicellular w/ cells that lack cell wall 2.All animals are heterotrophs ( obtain food and carbon compounds from OTHER organisms) 3. All animals MOVE under theor own power 4. All animals other than sponges have: neurons and muscle cells
26
How is Fungi and Animals the similar?
They are both Multicellular Heterotrophs the digest (break-down) and absorb nutrients.
27
Are is Fungi and Animals different?
Animals are the only multicellular heterotroph on the tree of life that usually INGEST their food FIRST, before they DIGEST it.
28
What are the 3 types of data that Biologists consider to study the evolution of animals?
Fossils, Comparative morphology, Comparative genomics
29
How is using Fossils a good thing when studying evolution (3)?
They provide the ONLY direct evidence of WHAT ancient animals looked like ( animal morphology), WHEN they existed, and WHERE they lived
30
How is using Fossils a bad thing when studying evolution (4)?
Fossils more likely occur in animals that were ABUNDANT, had HARD PARTS, lived in areas where SEDIMENTATION was occuring, and/or LIVED RECENTLY
31
How is Comparative morphology be used in animal evolution?
provides information about Embryonic, larval, or adult morphological characteristics that are commom among groups of animals
32
How can Comparative morphology data be used?
Define the fundamental architecture, or BODY PLAN of each lineage Infer which characteristics arose first Infer which animal groups are more closely related
33
How is Comparative genomics used in animal evolution?
provides info about relative similar genes or whole genomes of diverse organisms. Provides insight into phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary history
34
Are animals a monophyletic group?
Yes, they share a common ancestor
35
According to fossil record, what organism was the first to appear?
Sponges
36
Why are sponges considered a MONOphyletic group?
Because of their UNIQUE body plan
37
Why are sponges considered PARAphyletic?
They contain SOME, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor
38
What does the TOOL KIT of genes contain that are necessary for all basic molecullar processes required by animals? (6)
1. Specialization of cells 2. Regulation of cell cycling and growth 3. Adhesion among cells, and between cells and ECM 4. Recognition of self and non-self, thus innate immunity 5. Developmental signaling and gene regulation 6. Programmed death (Apoptosis)
39
What is a DIPLOBLAST?
animals that have TWO germ layers (Ectoderm and Endoderm)
40
What is a TRIPLOBLAST?
animals that have THREE germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm)
41
What does the Ectoderm give rise to? (O-tracto-derm)
Skin and Nervous system, (what you SEE)
42
What does the Mesoderm give rise to?
Circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures such as bone and most organs
43
What does the Endoderm give rise to?
The lining of the digestive tract
44
True or False: In general, then, ectoderm produces the covering of the animal and endoderm generates the digestive tract, mesoderm gives rise to the tissue in between?
TRUE
45
Which two organisms are DIPLOBLASTIC?
Cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes) | Ctenophores
46
Which organisms are TRIPLOBLASTIC?
ALL other organisms EXCEPT Cnidarians and Ctenophores
47
Which type of body symmetry evolved first?
Radial Symmetry
48
How many planes of symmetry do Radial Symmetrical organisms have?
At LEAST two planes of symmetry. If you cut then at the center at any plane they will produce identical halves.
49
How many planes of symmetry do Bilateral Symmetrical organisms have?
ONE plane of symmetry. If you cut them in half in long ways they produce two identical halves
50
Does Radial symmetry occur on DIPLOBLASTIC or TRIPLOBLASTIC organisms?
In TRIPLOBLASTIC organisms
51
What is an Acoelomate?
Triploblasctic, with NO body cavity (Flatworms, Planarians, Platehelmenthes)
52
What is a Pseudocoelomate?
Triploblastic, with a body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm (Roundwornd, Ascaris, Nematoda)
53
What is a Coelomate?
Triploblastic, with a body cavity in between the mesoderm
54
Do Bilaterians poses a tube-within-tube?
Yes, They are triplablastic with mouth at one end and anus at the other
55
Why was the Coelom an important innovation during animal evolution?
it is an enclosed, fluid-filled chamber that can act as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton
56
What is important about a Coelom?
1. It provides a space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate 2. Enables the internal organs to move independently of each other 3. Gives bilaterally symmetric organisms the ability to move efficiently in search of food.
57
In a Protostome, the blastospore develops in to what?
Mouth
58
In a Deuterostome, the blastospore develops in to what?
Anus
59
In the phylogenetic tree, which clade are Protostomes?
Lophotrochozoans (P, A-M) and Ecdysozoans (N-A)
60
In the phylogenetic tree, which clades are Deuterostomes?
Echinodermata (Seastar, Sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea anemone) Chordata
61
How is body cavity formed in a PROTOSTOME?
Two mesoderm block hollow out (Open up) to form cavity
62
How is body cavity formed in a DEUTEROSTOME?
Two fluid-filled sacks lined with mesoderm tissue PINCH-OFF to form cavity.
63
How do Lochotrophozoans grow?
They grow by extending the size of their skeleton, grow when conditions are good.
64
How do Ecdysozoans grow?
They grow by shedding their external exoskeleton and expanding their body
65
What is a difference between VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES?
Vertebrates have a segmented BACKBONE | Invertebrates don't have a backbone
66
What FOUR themes played a role in the diversification of animals?
1. Higher Oxygen levels 2. Evolution of predation 3. New niches beget (gives rise) new niches 4. New genes, new bodies
67
What are some common senses in almost all animals?
Sight, Hearing, Taste/smell, and touch. At least some ability to sense temperature.
68
As animals diversified, what special sensory abilities did some animals evolved?
Magnetic field Electric field Barometric pressure
69
What does a Detritivore feed on?
Feed on DEAD organic matter
70
What does a Herbivore feed on?
Feed on plants or algae
71
What does a Carnivore feed on?
Feed on other animals
72
What does a Omnivore feed on?
Feed on BOTH PLANTS and ANIMALS
73
What are the FOUR general Diversification of feeding strategies?
1. Suspension feeders 2. Deposition feeders 3. Fluid feeders 4. Mass feeders
74
What are Suspension feeders?
filter feeders. Capture food by filtering out or concentrating particles floating in water. Ex: Barnacles
75
What are Deposit feeders?
Ingest organic material that has been deposited within a subtrate or on surface Ex: Sea Cucumber
76
What are Fluid feeders?
Suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice. Ex: Butterflies, Hummingbirds
77
What are Mass feeders?
Take chunks of food into their mouths | Ex: Lions
78
What are the functions of animal locomotion?
1. Finding food 2. Finding mates 3. Escaping from predators 4. Dispersing to new habitats
79
How does evolution by natural selection occur?
when individuals with certain alleles produce more surviving offspring than other individuals do
80
What are the THREE different diversification of reproduction?
1. Asexual reproduction 2. Sexual reproduction-External fertilization 3. Sexual reproduction-Internal fertilization
81
In embryo development, what is a Viviparous specie?
Live-bearing. Species nourish embryos internally and give birth to love young- MOST Mammals
82
In embryo development, what is a Oviparous specie?
Egg-bearing. Deposit fertilized eggs; embryos are nourished by YOLK- Most insects, birds
83
In embryo development, what is a Ovoviviparous specie?
Egg-live-bearing. Species retain eggs internally and then give birth to live young. Ex: Garter snakes, Guppies,

Exam 4 BIO (3 decks)

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