Ch 33, 42, 52,57 Flashcards
In what clade do animals occur?
Clade Opishokonta
Along with phylum animals what other two phylums are in Clade Opishokonta?
Fungi and single celled protists called Choanoflagellates
What 3 KEY traits do Eukaryote animals share?
Multicellularity,
Heterotrophy,
Motility
What differs Multicellularity between Animals and Plants?
Animal multicellularity contain cells that:
- Lack cell wall (plants have cell walls)
- Have extensive Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
How do animals differ from Protists and fungi in being Heterotrophs?
Animals:
- Obtain necesarry carbon compounds from other organisms
- most ingest food rather than absorbing it (fungi digest then abosorb food)
What sets Motility in animals different than others?
Animals move under their own power typically using muscles
All animals except sponges have what two things?
Nerve Cells (sponges dont have any) Muscle Cells (sponges dont have any)
How are animals and fungi similar?
both multicellular heterotrophs
both digest and absorb nutrients
What is one thing that seperates animals from the rest?
Animals are the only multicellular heterotrophs on the tree of life that ingest their food before digesting it
Animals are the largest what?(3)
predators, herbivores, and detritivores on Earth. Key consumers in virtually every ecosystem
Animals are the largest what?(3)
predators, herbivores, and detritivores on Earth. Key consumers in virtually every ecosystem
What Key Innovations occurred in order for biologists to study animal evolution?
Fossils
Comparative morphology
Comparative genomics
What are two mechanisms of embryonic development? (two subgroups)
Protrostomes (mouth develops b4 anus)
Deuterostomes(anus develops b4 mouth)
How is the mesoderm on an embryonic protostome?
They have two BLOCKS of mesoderm
How is the mesoderm on an embryonic deuterostome?
They have LAYERS of mesoderm cells
How do Lochotrophozoans grow?
Grow by extending the size of their skeleton
How do Ecdysozoans grow?
Grow by shedding their external skeleton or outer covering (exoskeleton)
What groups are in the Lochotrophozoa? (think P-AM)
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms (Planarian))
Annelida (Earthworm, Clamworm)
Mollusca (Clams, Squids)
What groups are in the Ecdysozoa? (think Ec- N-A)
Nematoda (Roundworm)
Arthropoda (Crayfish, Hermit crab, Grasshopper)
What do Vertebrates posses that sets them apart from Invertebrates?
Segmented backbone
Vertabrates are a monophyletic lineages with in the Chordata, What organisms might you find in the Chordata?
Fishes, Pigs, Reptiles, Birds, amphibians and Mammals (humans))
Is segmentation just a backbone???
What other organisms might present segmentation?
No it’s also repeated body structure
Ex: Annelids, Arthropods
What were the ancestors of animals?
single-celled protists
What other two phylum are under the Clade Opisthokonta? (F & C)
Fungi and Choanoflagellates
What are the 6 KEY TRAITS that Eukaryotic Animals share that distinguishes it from fungi, protists or plants ?
- All animals are multicellular w/ cells that lack cell wall
2.All animals are heterotrophs ( obtain food and carbon compounds from OTHER organisms) - All animals MOVE under theor own power
- All animals other than sponges have:
neurons and muscle cells
How is Fungi and Animals the similar?
They are both Multicellular Heterotrophs the digest (break-down) and absorb nutrients.
Are is Fungi and Animals different?
Animals are the only multicellular heterotroph on the tree of life that usually INGEST their food FIRST, before they DIGEST it.
What are the 3 types of data that Biologists consider to study the evolution of animals?
Fossils, Comparative morphology, Comparative genomics
How is using Fossils a good thing when studying evolution (3)?
They provide the ONLY direct evidence of WHAT ancient animals looked like ( animal morphology), WHEN they existed, and WHERE they lived
How is using Fossils a bad thing when studying evolution (4)?
Fossils more likely occur in animals that were ABUNDANT, had HARD PARTS, lived in areas where SEDIMENTATION was occuring, and/or LIVED RECENTLY
How is Comparative morphology be used in animal evolution?
provides information about Embryonic, larval, or adult morphological characteristics that are commom among groups of animals
How can Comparative morphology data be used?
Define the fundamental architecture, or BODY PLAN of each lineage
Infer which characteristics arose first
Infer which animal groups are more closely related
How is Comparative genomics used in animal evolution?
provides info about relative similar genes or whole genomes of diverse organisms.
Provides insight into phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary history
Are animals a monophyletic group?
Yes, they share a common ancestor
According to fossil record, what organism was the first to appear?
Sponges
Why are sponges considered a MONOphyletic group?
Because of their UNIQUE body plan
Why are sponges considered PARAphyletic?
They contain SOME, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor
What does the TOOL KIT of genes contain that are necessary for all basic molecullar processes required by animals? (6)
- Specialization of cells
- Regulation of cell cycling and growth
- Adhesion among cells, and between cells and ECM
- Recognition of self and non-self, thus innate immunity
- Developmental signaling and gene regulation
- Programmed death (Apoptosis)
What is a DIPLOBLAST?
animals that have TWO germ layers (Ectoderm and Endoderm)
What is a TRIPLOBLAST?
animals that have THREE germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm)
What does the Ectoderm give rise to? (O-tracto-derm)
Skin and Nervous system, (what you SEE)
What does the Mesoderm give rise to?
Circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures such as bone and most organs
What does the Endoderm give rise to?
The lining of the digestive tract
True or False: In general, then, ectoderm produces the covering of the animal and endoderm generates the digestive tract, mesoderm gives rise to the tissue in between?
TRUE
Which two organisms are DIPLOBLASTIC?
Cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes)
Ctenophores
Which organisms are TRIPLOBLASTIC?
ALL other organisms EXCEPT Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Which type of body symmetry evolved first?
Radial Symmetry
How many planes of symmetry do Radial Symmetrical organisms have?
At LEAST two planes of symmetry. If you cut then at the center at any plane they will produce identical halves.
How many planes of symmetry do Bilateral Symmetrical organisms have?
ONE plane of symmetry. If you cut them in half in long ways they produce two identical halves
Does Radial symmetry occur on DIPLOBLASTIC or TRIPLOBLASTIC organisms?
In TRIPLOBLASTIC organisms
What is an Acoelomate?
Triploblasctic, with NO body cavity (Flatworms, Planarians, Platehelmenthes)
What is a Pseudocoelomate?
Triploblastic, with a body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm (Roundwornd, Ascaris, Nematoda)
What is a Coelomate?
Triploblastic, with a body cavity in between the mesoderm
Do Bilaterians poses a tube-within-tube?
Yes, They are triplablastic with mouth at one end and anus at the other
Why was the Coelom an important innovation during animal evolution?
it is an enclosed, fluid-filled chamber that can act as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton
What is important about a Coelom?
- It provides a space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate
- Enables the internal organs to move independently of each other
- Gives bilaterally symmetric organisms the ability to move efficiently in search of food.
In a Protostome, the blastospore develops in to what?
Mouth
In a Deuterostome, the blastospore develops in to what?
Anus
In the phylogenetic tree, which clade are Protostomes?
Lophotrochozoans (P, A-M) and Ecdysozoans (N-A)
In the phylogenetic tree, which clades are Deuterostomes?
Echinodermata (Seastar, Sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea anemone)
Chordata
How is body cavity formed in a PROTOSTOME?
Two mesoderm block hollow out (Open up) to form cavity
How is body cavity formed in a DEUTEROSTOME?
Two fluid-filled sacks lined with mesoderm tissue PINCH-OFF to form cavity.
How do Lochotrophozoans grow?
They grow by extending the size of their skeleton, grow when conditions are good.
How do Ecdysozoans grow?
They grow by shedding their external exoskeleton and expanding their body
What is a difference between VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES?
Vertebrates have a segmented BACKBONE
Invertebrates don’t have a backbone
What FOUR themes played a role in the diversification of animals?
- Higher Oxygen levels
- Evolution of predation
- New niches beget (gives rise) new niches
- New genes, new bodies
What are some common senses in almost all animals?
Sight, Hearing, Taste/smell, and touch. At least some ability to sense temperature.
As animals diversified, what special sensory abilities did some animals evolved?
Magnetic field
Electric field
Barometric pressure
What does a Detritivore feed on?
Feed on DEAD organic matter
What does a Herbivore feed on?
Feed on plants or algae
What does a Carnivore feed on?
Feed on other animals
What does a Omnivore feed on?
Feed on BOTH PLANTS and ANIMALS
What are the FOUR general Diversification of feeding strategies?
- Suspension feeders
- Deposition feeders
- Fluid feeders
- Mass feeders
What are Suspension feeders?
filter feeders. Capture food by filtering out or concentrating particles floating in water.
Ex: Barnacles
What are Deposit feeders?
Ingest organic material that has been deposited within a subtrate or on surface
Ex: Sea Cucumber
What are Fluid feeders?
Suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice.
Ex: Butterflies, Hummingbirds
What are Mass feeders?
Take chunks of food into their mouths
Ex: Lions
What are the functions of animal locomotion?
- Finding food
- Finding mates
- Escaping from predators
- Dispersing to new habitats
How does evolution by natural selection occur?
when individuals with certain alleles produce more surviving offspring than other individuals do
What are the THREE different diversification of reproduction?
- Asexual reproduction
- Sexual reproduction-External fertilization
- Sexual reproduction-Internal fertilization
In embryo development, what is a Viviparous specie?
Live-bearing. Species nourish embryos internally and give birth to love young- MOST Mammals
In embryo development, what is a Oviparous specie?
Egg-bearing. Deposit fertilized eggs; embryos are nourished by YOLK- Most insects, birds
In embryo development, what is a Ovoviviparous specie?
Egg-live-bearing. Species retain eggs internally and then give birth to live young.
Ex: Garter snakes, Guppies,
