ch 41 - exam 3 Flashcards
animal nutrition
What does digestion mean?
the breakdown of food into smaller pieces
What are the 4 steps to taking in and assimilating food?
- injestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
what are essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients?
nutrients: carbs, proteins, lipids
we need in order to stay alive, cant be synthesized
What happens if you don’t have enough vitamin C, D, iodine, or iron?
vitamin c: scurvy
vitamin d: rickets/bone softening in adults
iodine: goiter (enlarged thyroid)
iron: anemia, weakness
What are some of the major feeding types?
suspension, deposit, fluid, mass
What are the trade offs to an incomplete diestive tract vs complete?
incomplete - have to dispense waste before you can consume more
what are all the structures and accessory organs to the human digestive tract?
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intenstine
- large intestine
- appendix
- anus
accessory:
- salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
what macromolecules are broken down where in the digestive tract and where/how are they absorbed?
- carbs: in mouth, small intestine
- lipids: in mouth, in small intestine
- proteins: in stomach, in small intestine
facilitated diffussion and cotransport: carbs and proteins
exocytosis: lipids
what are the various digestive enzymes, where are they located and what do they break down? what is their chemical action?
Mouth:
- salivary amylase: carbs
- lingual lipase: lipids
Small Intestine:
- pancreatic amylase: carbs, lipids
- bile salts: lipids
- trypsin: protein
- chymotrypsin: protein
- elastase: protein
- carboxypeptidase: protein
Stomach
- pepsin: protein
what are chief cells?
cells that secrete pepsinogen into the stomach
what are parietal cells?
cells that secrete HCl into the stomach
what is pepsinogen vs pepsin?
pepsin digests proteins via hydrolysis (breaks bonds), pepsinogen is inactive until part is cleaved off to form pepsin
how does the stomach create HCl?
in parietal cells
CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 with enzyme carbonic anhydrase
H+ + Cl- to lumen of stomach
Type I vs Type II diabetes? what does diabetes mellitus mean?
- Type I: cells of pancreas do not make insulin
- Type II: makes insulin but cell receptors do not respond, develop later in life
- Diabetes Mellitus: ‘run through’, ‘honeyed’ - pee a lot and it tastes sweet
what are the hormones that regulate blood sugar and how do they work?
high glucose: insulin to synthesize glycogen (makes)
low glucose: glucagon to catabolize glycogen (breaks)
trypsinogen vs trypsin and enterokinase?
trypsinogen is made into trypsin with help of the enzyme enterokinase, help with digestion of protein
What are the 3 tissues that make up the small intestine?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
Chemical digestion in small intestine (enzymes)
- pancreatic amylase: carbs
- pancreatic lipase: lipids
- pancreatic nucleases: nucleic acids
- pancreatic proteases: proteins
hormones involved in digestion
- secretin: small intestine, causes flow of HCO3- from pancreas to s.i.
- cholecystokinin: small intestine, stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas, bile from liver and gallbladder
- gastrin: stomach, goes to parietal cells that secrete HCl
3 parts of an incomplete digestive tract
tentacles
mouth
gastrovascular cavity (digestion and absorption)
what is the wave of contractions pushing food down esophagus to stomach called?
peristalsis
what is rugae?
folds or lines in stomach so it can expand
mechanical digestion
increases the SA of food
bacteria in stomach causing ulcers
helicobacter pylori
