Ch. 4: The emergence of action

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

A form of learning in which the pairing of an unconditioned
stimulus with a conditioned stimulus results in a conditioned response.
Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 2

Dynamic systems theory

Answer 2

A theory of motor development that stresses the importance of the physics of the limb and the environment in which an action is made in addition to central
cortical control programs.

Question 3

Grasp reflex

Answer 3

A reflex found in newborns in which they will grasp an object when it is pressed against their palm.

Question 4

Imprinting

Answer 4

A form of learning that takes place during a critical period in which young members of a species acquire a behavior or response pattern that remains permanent after the critical period is over.

Question 5

Maturational account

Answer 5

An account of development in which developmental change is
largely attributed to biological maturation as opposed to experience.

Question 6

Mirror neuron

Answer 6

A neuron in the brain that is activated both when performing an action and when perceiving it being performed by others and that is thought to support imitation.

Question 7

Moro reflex

Answer 7

A reflex found in young infants in which an abrupt lack of support of the head results in an outward and upward movement of the arms.

Question 8

Operant conditioning/instrumental conditioning

Answer 8

A form of learning in which desired behaviors are gradually approximated in an organism through schedules of positive and negative reinforcement for increasingly accurate versions of the desired behavior; also called
instrumental conditioning.

shaping

Question 9

Prepared

Answer 9

Having a tendency to associate a class of responses more easily with one class of stimuli than with another without having prior experience with those stimuli.

Question 10

Reflex and different kinds of relexes in newborns

Answer 10

An innate response that occurs automatically to a particular form of stimulation.

Rooting reflex
Stepping reflex
Patellar reflex

Question 11

Visual flow fields

Answer 11

The streaming visual patterns made by objects and terrain over time as they flow by an observer who is either moving or is having the environment move about her.