Ch. 4 Study Guide Flashcards
A tissue is composed of similarly specialized ____ that perform a common function in the body. The tissues of the human body can be categorized into four major types.
Cells
____ tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities such as the respiratory tract and endocrine glands.
Epithelial
____ tissue binds and supports body parts and is the most diverse type of tissue found in the human body. ____ tissue may be represented by such diverse structures as bone, cartilage, or blood.
Connective
____ tissue moves the body and its parts.
Muscular
____ tissue receives stimuli, processes that information, and conducts nerve impulses.
Nervous
Epithellal tissue
External and internal linings of many organs
Connective tissue
Blinds organs together: provides support
Muscle tissue
Contracts and moves body parts
Nervous tissue
Receives and conducts information
Fibrous connective tissue
Includes loose, dense, and adipose tissues - Protects internal organs; forms tendons and ligaments
Supportive connective tissue
Flexible cartilage - Rigid bone providing leverage for movement and structure
Fluid connective tissue
Blood that transports oxygen and nutrients - Lymph that contains white blood cells
Bone
Hard matrix - Contains protein fibers coated with calcium salts - Matrix formed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Cartilage
Hyaline and elastic are two types - Flexible matrix formed by chondroblasts and chondrocytes
Lymph
Comes from fluids surrounding the tissues - Cleansed at nodes that contain white blood cells
Blood
Helps distribute heat - Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluids - Hemoglobin makes it appear red - Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from tissue fluid - Plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance
The first specimen has branching cells that are striated in appearance. Each contains a nucleus. This is most likely ___ muscle.
The second specimen was taken from the upper thigh. It is most likely ___ muscle.
The third specimen was taken from the digestive tract. It is most likely ____ muscle.
The fourth specimen is striated and contains numerous nuclei per muscle cell. It is most likely ____ muscle.
The fifth specimen has spindle-shaped cells, each with their own nucleus. It is most likely ___ muscle.
The sixth specimen was taken from heart tissue, specifically the wall of the aorta. It is most likely ___ muscle.
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle - Individual cells have multiple nuclei - Found in muscles attached bones - Aids in voluntary body movements
Smooth muscle
One cell, one nucleus - No striation - Involuntary muscle - Composed of spindle-shaped cells
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle - Found only in the walls of the heart - Composed of branching, striated cells - Individual cells have a single nucleus
Neurons
Nerve cells - Dendrites + a cell body + an axon - Receive signals from sensory receptors and conduct nerve impulses
Neuroglia cells
Cells that support and nourish nerve cells - Take up more than half the volume of the brain - Examples found in the brain include microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes
Epithelial cells form continuous layers of ____ cells. Because of this, epithelial tissue functions in ____ by covering surfaces and lining body cavities, but it can be modified for ____ or absorption.
Tightly-packed, protection, secretion
All epithelial cells are exposed to the environment on one side and bound by the ____ on the other side.
basement membrane
This membrane is composed of a thin layer of various types of carbohydrates and proteins to connect the epithelial cells to underlying ____.
connective tissue
Simple squamous
Only a single layer of cells - lining of lungs and blood vessels - Protects and permits exchange of substances
Stratified squamous
Lines the nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina - Protects with multiple layers of cells
Simple cuboidal
Absorbs muscle - Only a single layer of cells - Lining of kidneys tubules and various glands
Simple columnar
Absorbs nutrients - Only a single layer of cells - Lines the digestive tract and uterine tubes
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Sweeps impurities toward throat - Lines trachea - Appears to be laid but true layers do not exist
Functions of Skin
Detects information regarding our surroundings - acts to detoxify cells - transmits signals to and from the spinal cord - assists in movement - prevents loss of water - acts as a barrier to pathogen entry - protects underlying tissue
Dermis
The collagen and elastic fibers in this region decrease over time, causing wrinkling - Dense fibrous connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers - The primary location of sensory receptors - Contains blood vessels that nourish skin - This region contains fibers that prevent skin from being torn
Epidermis
Specialized cells deep in this region stimulate the immune system - A region of stratified squamous epithelium - Cells in this region produce melanin - Contains stem cells which are the source of new skin cells - The outermost layer of this region consists of flat, hardened skin cells - This region is water proof because its outer cells produce keratin
The human body maintains a ____ internal environment by adjusting physiological processes.
Relatively constant
The control of the internal environment can be referred to as ____ and can be observed through the ____ range of the body’s pH, temperature, and blood glucose levels.
Homeostasis, narrow
Though body conditions ____ fluctuate, they do not go beyond a certain range. If they do, illness results.
Slightly
Homeostasis
ability to maintain constant internal conditions.
A mechanism that brings about body condition changes ____ is called positive feedback.
in the same direction
For example, when a woman is giving birth, contractions cause the baby’s head to press against the cervix, activating the ____.
sensor
The sensor activates nerve impulses that reach the ____ in the brain, which in turn, sends a signal that causes further contractions.
control center
In this manner, positive feedback results in a(n) ____ in the initial stimulus, whereas negative feedback results in a(n) ____ in the initial stimulus.
increase, decrease
The ____ is an organ of the cardiovascular system, while the respiratory system includes the ____.
heart, lungs
The cardiovascular system transports nutrients absorbed by the digestive system, which includes the ____ , liver, and intestines.
Stomach
The ___ are part of the immune system, which defends against infectious diseases and interacts with the cardiovascular system to maintain fluid homeoastsis.
lymph vessels
The nervous system consists of the nerves, spinal cord, and ____, where information integration occurs.
Brain
Nerves conduct impulses to the ____ of the muscular system and ____ of the endocrine system.
muscles, glands
The skeletal system includes the ____ and functions in mineral storage, movement, and protection. The integumentary system consists of the ____ and also plays role in protection.
bones, skin
The ____ are part of the urinary system, which functions in fluid and pH homeostasis along with the cardiovascular system.
Kidneys
Specialized cells that work together to perform a common function are called
tissues
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the air sacs and permits the exchange of gases?
squamous epithelium
Which statement best describes simple squamous epithelium?
flattened cells that form a permeable barrier
Bone cancer and other cancers of connective tissue are called
sarcomas
The three major components of connective tissue are
cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.
What protein provides flexibility and strength to connective tissues?
collagen
What are the two forms of fibrous connective tissue?
loose fibrous and dense fibrous
The student was looking at a tissue under a microscope. It had cells within lacunae, and the matrix was glassy-looking. What type of tissue were they looking at?
cartilage
The patient slipped a disk in his back. The doctor explained to the family that the intervertebral disks are composed of
fibrocartilage
What characteristic can be used to differentiate between bone and cartilage?
the flexibility of the matrix
Which types of blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen?
red blood cells
The best description of the two components of blood is
formed elements and plasma
Which types of cells are found within lymph?
white blood cells
Which component of blood would increase as a result of an infection?
leukocytes
The stripes in skeletal muscle are due to the presence of
actin and myosin filaments
In turning a page of a book, you would mainly be using what type of tissue?
skeletal muscle
The specialized cells in the nervous system that serve to conduct a signal are known as
neurons
What type of tissue receives sensory input, integrates data, and conducts impulses?
nervous tissue
When you put your hand on a hot stove, ________ receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons and ________ conduct nerve impulses.
dendrites; axons
What type of cells function to nourish and support neurons?
neuroglia
In epithelial tissues, what serves to anchor the epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue?
basement membrane
One of the dangers of smoking is that it disrupts the defensive system that utilizes ciliary action of what type of specialized epithelium?
pseudostratified epithelium
The epithelial lining of the small intestine is modified for what function?
absorption
Which type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following is responsible for the waterproofing of skin?
Keratin
Which layer of the skin is responsible for tanning?
epidermis
Which body cavity contains the small and large intestines?
abdominal cavity
What membrane is infected in meningitis?
lining of the brain and spinal cord
The body’s ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment is called
homeostasis
Sweating is a physiological process that seeks to maintain
body temperature
Which body system does not play a role in helping maintain homeostasis?
All body systems help maintain homeostasis.
If body temperature was controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, the body’s temperature would continue to rise.
True
With a negative feedback mechanism, the value in question will vary around a set point.
True
Which level of biological organization is one level more complex than that of tissues?
organs
Which organ system is primarily responsible for excretion of metabolic waste and maintaining fluid homeostasis?
urinary system
Which organ system produces hormones and is responsible for regulation of metabolism and stress responses?
endocrine system
The brain and the spinal cord are organs of what body system?
nervous system
