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ACAAI Review 3rd Edition > Ch. 4 Research Principles > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Research Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Data regarding presence or absence of exposure and disease are collected at the same time

A

Cross sectional study

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2
Q

Compares subjects with a condition to those without and examines frequency of a risk factor in each group

A

Case Control

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3
Q

study that is useful in studying infrequent events and calculated odds ratio

A

Case Control

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4
Q

study that is the gold standard in observational epidemiology and calculate relative risk

A

Cohort Study

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5
Q

longitudinal study comparing a defined group of people who share a common experience within a defined period before developing outcome of interest

A

Cohort study

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6
Q

subjects allocated to different interventions, placebo versus treatment group

A

RCT randomized control trial

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7
Q

study that can be used to test preventive interventions and determine absolute risk reduction

A

RCT

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8
Q

statistical test to compare means between two groups

A

student’s t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test

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9
Q

statistical test to compare means between 3 or more groups

A

ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test

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10
Q

statistical test to compare two quantitative measurements from one source

A

paired t test or Wilcoxon signed rank test

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11
Q

statistical test to determine degree of association between to quantitative variables

A

Pearson coefficient of correlation or Spearman rank order coefficient

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12
Q

Hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference is called?

A

Null hypothesis

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13
Q

the probability that if the null hypothesis were true, we would observe a result as extreme than one observed in these study

A

P value

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14
Q

error that occurs when the null hypothesis is falsely rejected and we accept that a difference exists when it truly does not

A

type 1 error or alpha error

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15
Q

error that occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when a true difference exists

A

type 2 error or beta error

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16
Q

most common reason for a type 2 or beta error (not rejecting the null hypothesis)

A

underpowered study

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17
Q

ability of a test to detect a true difference in a data set or the probability of avoiding a type II error

A

Statistical power

18
Q

statistical power is usually set to what percentage

A

80 to 90%

19
Q

if the null hypothesis is true and you accept the null hypothesis, what is the probability?

A

1 - alpha

20
Q

if the null hypothesis is true and you reject the null hypothesis, what is the probability?

A

alpha

21
Q

if the null hypothesis is false and you accept the null hypothesis, what is the probability?

A

beta

22
Q

if the null hypothesis is false and you reject the null hypothesis, what is the probability?

A

1-beta (equal to power)

23
Q

what percentage of observations fall within 1 SD, 2 SD, 3 SD of the bell shaped curve?

A

68%, 95%, 99.7%

24
Q

Difference between prevalence and incidence?

A

prevalence is percentage of patients with disease at a given time, and incidence is measure of individuals that develops disease during a specified period

25
Q

Probability that a test will be positive for disease if the person has the disease

A

sensitivity = TP / (FN + TP)

26
Q

Probability that a test will be negative if person does not have the disease

A

specificity = TN / (FP + TN)

27
Q

a negative result for a highly sensitive tests can…?

A

rule out disease

28
Q

a positive result for a highly specific tests can…?

A

rule in disease

29
Q

the proportion of positive tests that are true positive

A

PPV = TP / (TP+FP)

30
Q

the proportion of negative tests that are true negative

A

NPV = TN / (TN + FN)

31
Q

PPV and NPV are affected by?

A

prevalence

32
Q

How will PPV and NPV be affected by prevalence?

A

high prevalence increases PPV, low prevalence increases NPV

33
Q

equation for absolute risk (AR)

A 
ARC = # of events in control group / # of people in control group
ART = # of events in treatment group / # of events in treatment group
34
Q

equation for absolute risk reduction (ARR)

A

ARR = ARC - ART

35
Q

equation for relative risk

A

RR = ART / ARC

36
Q

equation for relative risk reduction

A

RRR = (ARC - ART) / ARC = 1 - RR

37
Q

equation for number needed to treat

A

NNT = 1/ARR

38
Q

equation for odds ratio OR

A

OR = (TP x TN) / (FP x FN)

39
Q

three core principles in the Belmont Report

A

respect for persons, beneficence, justice

40
Q

5 elements of informed consent

A

competence, disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, consent

ACAAI Review 3rd Edition (9 decks)

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