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Medical Terminology for study > Ch. 4 - Prefixes > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Prefixes Flashcards

From the Language of Medicine, 12th Edition

1
Q

carp/o

A

wrist bones

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2
Q

cis/o

A

cut

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3
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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4
Q

cutane/o

A

skin

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5
Q

dactyl/o

A

fingers, toes

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6
Q

duct/o

A

lead, carry

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7
Q

flex/o

A

bend

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8
Q

furc/o

A

branching

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9
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

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10
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

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11
Q

immun/o

A

protection

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12
Q

morph/o

A

shape, form

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13
Q

mort/o

A

death

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14
Q

nat/i

A

birth

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15
Q

norm/o

A

rule, order

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16
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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17
Q

pub/o

A

pubis (pubic bone); anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone

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18
Q

seps/o

A

infection

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19
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

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20
Q

son/o

A

sound

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21
Q

tens/o

A

force, strain, stretch

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22
Q

the/o

A

put, place

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23
Q

thel/o, theli/o

A

nipple

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24
Q

thyr/o

A

thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [-oid] a shield to those who named it)

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25
Q

top/o

A

place, position, location

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26
Q

tox/o

A

poison

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27
Q

trache/o

A

windpipe, trachea

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28
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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29
Q

-crine

A

secrete

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30
Q

-drome

A

run

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31
Q

-fusion

A

coming together; to pour

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32
Q

-gen

A

substance that produces

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33
Q

-lapse

A

slide, fall, sag

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34
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown, destruction, separation

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35
Q

-meter

A

measure

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36
Q

-mission

A

send

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37
Q

-or

A

one who

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38
Q

-oxia

A

oxygen

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39
Q

-phoria

A

bear, carry; feeling (mental state)

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40
Q

-partum

A

birth, labor

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41
Q

-physis

A

grow

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42
Q

-plasia

A

development, formation, growth

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43
Q

-plasm

A

structure or formation

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44
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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45
Q

-ptom

A

happening, occurrence

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46
Q

-ptosis

A

falling, drooping, prolapse

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47
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

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48
Q

-stasis

A

stopping, controlling

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49
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

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50
Q

a-, an-

A

no, not, without

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51
Q

ab-

A

away from

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52
Q

ad-

A

toward

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53
Q

ana-

A

up, apart

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54
Q

ante-

A

before, forward

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55
Q

anti-

A

against

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56
Q

auto-

A

self, own

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57
Q

bi-

A

two

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58
Q

brady-

A

slow

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59
Q

cata-

A

down

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60
Q

con-

A

with, together

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61
Q

autoimmune disease

A

the body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.

[Examples of autoimmune disorders are rheumatoid arthritis, affecting joints; celiac disease, affecting the intestinal tract; and Graves disease, affecting the thyroid gland.]

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62
Q

contra-

A

against, opposite

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63
Q

de-

A

down, lack of

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64
Q

dia-

A

complete, through

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65
Q

dys-

A

abnormal, bad, difficult, painful

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66
Q

ec-

A

out, outside

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67
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

occurs most commonly in a fallopian tube (i.e., tubal pregnancy).

In this condition, the fetus is not viable. Surgery often is necessary to remove the ectopic tissue. Tubal surgery may damage a fallopian tube, and scar tissue can cause future pregnancy problems.

[ Normal pregnancy implantation is in the upper portion of the uterus.]

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68
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

a special fluid is inserted into the peritoneal cavity through a tube in the abdomen.

Waste materials such as urea seep into the fluid from the blood during a period of time. The fluid and the wastes are then drained from the peritoneal cavity.

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69
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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70
Q

epi-

A

upon, on, above

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71
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

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72
Q

ex-

A

out, outside

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73
Q

hemi-

A

half

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74
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above

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75
Q

A sign

A

an objective finding that is perceived by an examiner, such as fever, rash, or hyperglycemia.

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76
Q

A symptom

A

a subjective change in condition as perceived by the patient. Examples of symptoms are loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fatigue (tiredness).

[Both signs and symptoms are useful clues in the diagnosis of a disease, such as diabetes mellitus.]

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77
Q

hypo-

A

deficient, under

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78
Q

in-

A

not ; into, within

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79
Q

infra-

A

beneath, under

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80
Q

inter-

A

between

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81
Q

intra-

A

in, within, into

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82
Q

macro-

A

large

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83
Q

micro-

A

small

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84
Q

mal-

A

bad

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85
Q

meta-

A

beyond, change

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86
Q

neo-

A

new

87
Q

pan-

A

all

88
Q

para-

A

abnormal, beside, near

89
Q

per-

A

through

90
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

91
Q

poly-

A

many, much

92
Q

post-

A

after, behind

93
Q

pro-

A

before, forward

93
Q

pre-

A

before, in front of

94
Q

pros-

A

before, forward

95
Q

re-

A

back, again

96
Q

retro-

A

behind, backward

97
Q

sub-

A

under

98
Q

supra-

A

above, upper

99
Q

syn-, sym-

A

together, with

100
Q

Symbiosis

A

occurs when two organisms live together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.

[Ex. Bacteria in the intestines and the cells lining the intestines benefit each other. ; Parasites (tapeworms and fleas) live off another organism and are harmful to the host.]

[In psychiatry, symbiosis is a relationship between two people who are emotionally dependent on each other.]

101
Q

tachy-

A

fast

102
Q

trans-

A

across, through

103
Q

ultra-

A

beyond, excess

104
Q

uni-

A

one

105
Q

An antigen

A

a foreign substance (such as a poison, virus, or bacterium), stimulates the production of antibodies

106
Q

Antibodies

A

protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens.

107
Q

immune response

A

the reaction between an antigen and an antibody [immun/o = protection]

108
Q

vaccine

A

receiving dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells (lymphocytes) to make antibodies.

[These antibodies remain in your blood to protect against those specific antigens when encountered in the future.]

109
Q

Rh condition.

A

Another example of an antigen-antibody reaction. [Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell.]

A person who is Rh-positive (Rh+) has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells (RBCs). This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with and is normal.

People who are Rh-negative (Rh−) have normal RBCs as well, but their red cells lack the Rh factor antigen.

110
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

A

a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.

111
Q

jaundice

A

yellow skin pigmentation ; results from excessive destruction of RBCs.

112
Q

bilirubin

A

a chemical pigment [High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia) cause jaundice]

113
Q

phototherapy

A

treated with exposure to bright lights

114
Q

congenital anomalies

A

structural or functional abnormalities.

congenital = those that an infant is born with

[An anomaly is an irregularity in a structure or organ. EX. include webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly), heart defects, and clubbed feet.]

115
Q

hereditary

A

passed to the infant through chromosomes from the father or mother, or both

116
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

the process of taking a gene (a region of DNA) from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.

117
Q

CRISPR

A

an acronym for new DNA editing tool that changes DNA sequences to turn off genes or to replace them with new versions.

CRISPR means clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats!

118
Q

syndrome

A

course for running ; a group of signs or symptoms that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a disease or inherited abnormality.

119
Q

Reye syndrome

A

characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver. [It may occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin.]

120
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type with long, “spidery” fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), elongated head, and heart, blood vessel, and ophthalmic abnormalities

121
Q

transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)

A

a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument (resectoscope) passed through (trans-)the urethra.

The procedure is indicated when prostatic tissue increases (hyperplasia) and interferes with urination. [This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH.]

122
Q

Ultrasonography

A

a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves (inaudible sound waves) to produce an image of an organ or tissue.

[ a machine records ultrasonic echoes as they pass through different types of tissue. X-rays are not used!]

123
Q

Echocardiograms

A

ultrasound images of the heart.

124
Q

sonogram

A

ultrasound image

125
Q

Anemia is a major problem for many patients who are in…

A

chronic renal failure

This is because as renal function decreases, the kidneys secrete less erythropoietin

126
Q

erythropoietin

A

a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

[Under normal conditions, when the body senses a decrease in red blood cells or a deficiency in the supply of oxygen, more erythropoietin is produced, thus increasing the number of erythrocytes.]

127
Q

Epoetin alfa (Epogen or Procrit)

A

a man-made form of human erythropoietin.

It is genetically engineered through recombinant DNA technology and stimulates bone marrow to make and release red blood cells.

[As the hematocrit rises, patients experience increased energy, appetite, and greater stamina.]

128
Q

hematocrit

A

the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

129
Q

Side effects of myelosuppressive chemotherapy may be treated by…

A

Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin

130
Q

abductor

A

(ab-DUK-tor): Muscle that draws a limb away from the body.

131
Q

adductor

A

(ah-DUK-tor): Muscle that draws a limb toward the body.

132
Q

analysis

A

(ah-NAL-ih-sis): Separation of a substance into various parts.

133
Q

anoxia

A

(ah-NOK-se-ah): Without oxygen.

134
Q

ante cibum (a.c.)

A

(AN-te SE-bum): Before meals; (a.c.).

135
Q

anteflexion

A

an-te-FLEK-shun): Bending forward.

136
Q

antepartum

A

an-te-PAR-tum): Before birth.

137
Q

antibiotic

A

(an-tih-bi-OT-ik): Chemical substance that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body.

138
Q

antibody

A

(AN-tih-bod-e): Protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood.

139
Q

antigen

A

(AN-tih-jen): Foreign substance or toxin (poison) that stimulates the production of an antibody; evokes an immune response.

140
Q

antisepsis

A

(an-tih-SEP-sus): Destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection.

141
Q

antitoxin

A

(an-tih-TOX-in): Substance produced against a toxin (poison); an antibody.

142
Q

apnea

A

(AP-ne-ah): Without breathing.

143
Q

benign

A

(be-NINE): Non-cancerous.

144
Q

bifurcation

A

(bi-fur-KA-shun): Branching into two parts.

145
Q

bilateral

A

(bi-LAT-er-al): Pertaining to two or both sides.

146
Q

bradycardia

A

(bra-de-KAR-de-ah): Slow heartbeat.

147
Q

contraindication

A

(kon-trah-in-dih-KA-shun): Factor that indicates against the administration of a drug or procedure in the care of a patient.

148
Q

contralateral

A

(kon-trah-LAT-er-al): Affecting the opposite side of a part of the body.

149
Q

dehydration

A

(de-hi-DRA-shun): Excessive loss of water.

150
Q

dialysis

A

(di-AL-ih-sis): Separation of nitrogenous wastes from the blood when the kidneys no longer function; hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are examples.

151
Q

diameter

A

(di-AM-eh-ter): Measurement through the center of a circle (for example the size of the opening of a blood vessel).

152
Q

diarrhea

A

(di-ah-RE-ah): Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.

153
Q

dysentery

A

(DIS-en-ter-e): Painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection.

154
Q

dysplasia

A

(dis-PLA-ze-ah): Condition of abnormal formation.

155
Q

dyspnea

A

DISP-ne-ah): Difficult breathing.

156
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

(ek-TOP-ik PREG-nan-se): Pregnancy that is out of place (not in the uterus). A fallopian tube is the most common ectopic site.

157
Q

endocardium

A

(en-do-KAR-de-um): Inner lining of the heart.

158
Q

endoscope

A

(EN-do-skope): Instrument to visually examine the interior of the body.

159
Q

endotracheal

A

(en-do-TRA-ke-al): Pertaining to within the trachea.

160
Q

epithelium

A

(ep-ih-THE-le-um): Layer of cells covering the external surface of the body and lining the hollow tubes within the body.

161
Q

euphoria

A

(u-FOR-e-ah): Exaggerated feeling of well-being; elevated mood, “high.”

162
Q

euthyroid

A

(u-THI-royd): Normal thyroid function.

163
Q

exophthalmos

A

(ek-sof-THAL-mos): Protrusion of the eyeball; sign of hyperthyroidism.

164
Q

hemiglossectomy

A

(hem-e-glos-SEK-to-me): Removal (resection) of half the tongue.

165
Q

hyperglycemia

A

(hi-per-gli-SE-me-ah): High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; associated with diabetes mellitus.

166
Q

hyperplasia

A

(hi-per-PLA-ze-ah): Condition of increased formation of cells.

167
Q

hypertrophy

A

(hi-PER-tro-fe): Increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells.

168
Q

hypodermic injection

A

(hi-po-DER-mik in-JEK-shun): Injection of medication under the skin.

169
Q

infracostal

A

(in-frah-KOS-tal): Pertaining to below the ribs.

170
Q

insomniac

A

(in-SOM-ne-ak): Pertaining to without sleep; an insomniac is a person who cannot sleep.

171
Q

intercostal

A

(in-ter-KOS-tal): Pertaining to between the ribs.

172
Q

intravenous

A

(in-trah-VE-nus): Pertaining to within a vein.

173
Q

macrocephaly

A

(mak-ro-SEH-fah-le): Condition of a larger than normal head; congenital anomaly.

174
Q

malaise

A

(mal-AYZ): General feeling of bodily discomfort.

175
Q

malignant

A

(mah-LIG-nant): Cancerous; harmful.

176
Q

metacarpal bones

A

(met-ah-KAR-pal bones): Hand bones; literally beyond the wrist.

177
Q

metamorphosis

A

(met-ah-MOR-fuh-sis): Condition of change of shape or form.

178
Q

metastasis

A

(meh-TAS-tah-sis): Spread of a malignant tumor beyond its original location to a distant site.

179
Q

neonatal

A

(ne-o-NA-tal): Pertaining to a new birth.

180
Q

neoplasm

A

(NE-o-plaz-im): New growth.

181
Q

pancytopenia

A

(pan-si-to-PE-ne-ah): Deficiency of all (blood) cells.

182
Q

paralysis

A

(pah-RAL-ih-sis): Destruction of nerve tissue leading to loss of sensation or motion in a part of the body.

183
Q

parathyroid glands

A

(par-ah-THI-royd glanz): Four endocrine glands on the posterior (dorsal) side of the thyroid gland; secrete parathormone.

184
Q

percutaneous

A

(per-ku-TA-ne-us): Pertaining to through the skin.

185
Q

pericardium

A

(peh-rih-KAR-de-um): Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

186
Q

polymorphonuclear

A

(pol-e-mor-fo-NU-kle-ar): Pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic white blood cells).

187
Q

polyneuritis

A

(pol-e-nu-RI-tis): Inflammation of many nerves.

188
Q

postmortem

A

(post-MOR-tem): After death.

189
Q

postpartum

A

(post-PAR-tum): After birth.

190
Q

precancerous

A

(pre-KAN-ser-us): Pertaining to occurring before a malignant condition.

191
Q

prenatal

A

(pre-NA-tal): Pertaining to before birth.

192
Q

prodrome

A

(PRO-drohm): Sign or symptom that appears before the onset of a more serious illness. An example of a prodrome is the fever that signals the onset of a viral illness.

193
Q

prolapse

A

(PRO-laps): Sliding forward or downward.

194
Q

prosthesis

A

(pros-THE-sis): Artificial substitute for a missing body part.

195
Q

recombinant DNA

A

(re-KOM-bin-ant DNA): Insertion of a gene (region of DNA) from one organism into the DNA of another.

196
Q

relapse

A

(RE-laps): Sliding or falling back; as in return of illness after apparent recovery.

197
Q

remission

A

(re-MIH-shun): Return to good health; signs and symptoms of disease are gone.

198
Q

retroflexion

A

(re-tro-FLEK-shun): Bending backward.

199
Q

retroperitoneal

A

(reh-tro-peh-rih-to-NE-al): Pertaining to behind the peritoneum (membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity).

200
Q

subcutaneous

A

(sub-ku-TA-ne-us): Pertaining to under the skin.

201
Q

suprapubic

A

(su-prah-PU-bik): Pertaining to above the pubic bones.

202
Q

symbiosis

A

sim-be-O-sis): Close interaction between two organisms living in close association.

203
Q

symmetry

A

(SIM-met-re): Measurement together; similarity of parts as in mirror images of each other.

204
Q

symphysis

A

(SIM-fih-sis): Bones that grow together separated by a piece of fibrocartilage. The pubic symphysis of the pelvis is an example.

205
Q

syndactyly

A

(sin-DAK-til-e): Fusion of fingers or toes; congenital anomaly.

206
Q

syndrome

A

(SIN-drohm): Signs and symptoms that occur together indicating a particular condition or disorder.

207
Q

synthesis

A

(SIN-theh-sis): Putting together of simple substances to create something new and often more complex.

208
Q

tachypnea

A

(tah-KIP-ne-ah): Abnormally rapid breathing.

209
Q

transfusion

A

(tranz-FU-zhun): Transfer of blood from one person to another.

210
Q

transurethral

A

(tranz-u-RE-thral): Pertaining to across or through the urethra.

211
Q

ultrasonography

A

(ul-trah-so-NOG-rah-fe): Use of high frequency sound waves to produce a record or picture of an organ or tissue.

212
Q

unilateral

A

(u-nih-LAT-er-al): Pertaining to one side.

213
Q

abnormal

A

pertaining to away from the rule or order

Medical Terminology for study (6 decks)

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