Ch. 4 - Prefixes Flashcards
From the Language of Medicine, 12th Edition
1
Q
carp/o
A
wrist bones
2
Q
cis/o
A
cut
3
Q
cost/o
A
rib
4
Q
cutane/o
A
skin
5
Q
dactyl/o
A
fingers, toes
6
Q
duct/o
A
lead, carry
7
Q
flex/o
A
bend
8
Q
furc/o
A
branching
9
Q
gloss/o
A
tongue
10
Q
glyc/o
A
sugar
11
Q
immun/o
A
protection
12
Q
morph/o
A
shape, form
13
Q
mort/o
A
death
14
Q
nat/i
A
birth
15
Q
norm/o
A
rule, order
16
Q
ox/o
A
oxygen
17
Q
pub/o
A
pubis (pubic bone); anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone
18
Q
seps/o
A
infection
19
Q
somn/o
A
sleep
20
Q
son/o
A
sound
21
Q
tens/o
A
force, strain, stretch
22
Q
the/o
A
put, place
23
Q
thel/o, theli/o
A
nipple
24
Q
thyr/o
A
thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [-oid] a shield to those who named it)
25
top/o
place, position, location
26
tox/o
poison
27
trache/o
windpipe, trachea
28
urethr/o
urethra
29
-crine
secrete
30
-drome
run
31
-fusion
coming together; to pour
32
-gen
substance that produces
33
-lapse
slide, fall, sag
34
-lysis
breakdown, destruction, separation
35
-meter
measure
36
-mission
send
37
-or
one who
38
-oxia
oxygen
39
-phoria
bear, carry; feeling (mental state)
40
-partum
birth, labor
41
-physis
grow
42
-plasia
development, formation, growth
43
-plasm
structure or formation
44
-pnea
breathing
45
-ptom
happening, occurrence
46
-ptosis
falling, drooping, prolapse
47
-rrhea
flow, discharge
48
-stasis
stopping, controlling
49
-trophy
development, nourishment
50
a-, an-
no, not, without
51
ab-
away from
52
ad-
toward
53
ana-
up, apart
54
ante-
before, forward
55
anti-
against
56
auto-
self, own
57
bi-
two
58
brady-
slow
59
cata-
down
60
con-
with, together
61
autoimmune disease
the body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.
[Examples of autoimmune disorders are rheumatoid arthritis, affecting joints; celiac disease, affecting the intestinal tract; and Graves disease, affecting the thyroid gland.]
62
contra-
against, opposite
63
de-
down, lack of
64
dia-
complete, through
65
dys-
abnormal, bad, difficult, painful
66
ec-
out, outside
67
Ectopic pregnancy
occurs most commonly in a fallopian tube (i.e., tubal pregnancy).
In this condition, the fetus is not viable. Surgery often is necessary to remove the ectopic tissue. Tubal surgery may damage a fallopian tube, and scar tissue can cause future pregnancy problems.
[ Normal pregnancy implantation is in the upper portion of the uterus.]
68
peritoneal dialysis
a special fluid is inserted into the peritoneal cavity through a tube in the abdomen.
Waste materials such as urea seep into the fluid from the blood during a period of time. The fluid and the wastes are then drained from the peritoneal cavity.
69
endo-
in, within
70
epi-
upon, on, above
71
eu-
good, normal
72
ex-
out, outside
73
hemi-
half
74
hyper-
excessive, above
75
A sign
an objective finding that is perceived by an examiner, such as fever, rash, or hyperglycemia.
76
A symptom
a subjective change in condition as perceived by the patient. Examples of symptoms are loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fatigue (tiredness).
[Both signs and symptoms are useful clues in the diagnosis of a disease, such as diabetes mellitus.]
77
hypo-
deficient, under
78
in-
not ; into, within
79
infra-
beneath, under
80
inter-
between
81
intra-
in, within, into
82
macro-
large
83
micro-
small
84
mal-
bad
85
meta-
beyond, change
86
neo-
new
87
pan-
all
88
para-
abnormal, beside, near
89
per-
through
90
peri-
surrounding
91
poly-
many, much
92
post-
after, behind
93
pro-
before, forward
93
pre-
before, in front of
94
pros-
before, forward
95
re-
back, again
96
retro-
behind, backward
97
sub-
under
98
supra-
above, upper
99
syn-, sym-
together, with
100
Symbiosis
occurs when two organisms live together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.
[Ex. Bacteria in the intestines and the cells lining the intestines benefit each other. ; Parasites (tapeworms and fleas) live off another organism and are harmful to the host.]
[In psychiatry, symbiosis is a relationship between two people who are emotionally dependent on each other.]
101
tachy-
fast
102
trans-
across, through
103
ultra-
beyond, excess
104
uni-
one
105
An antigen
a foreign substance (such as a poison, virus, or bacterium), stimulates the production of antibodies
106
Antibodies
protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens.
107
immune response
the reaction between an antigen and an antibody [immun/o = protection]
108
vaccine
receiving dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells (lymphocytes) to make antibodies.
[These antibodies remain in your blood to protect against those specific antigens when encountered in the future.]
109
Rh condition.
Another example of an antigen-antibody reaction. [Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell.]
A person who is Rh-positive (Rh+) has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells (RBCs). This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with and is normal.
People who are Rh-negative (Rh−) have normal RBCs as well, but their red cells lack the Rh factor antigen.
110
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.
111
jaundice
yellow skin pigmentation ; results from excessive destruction of RBCs.
112
bilirubin
a chemical pigment [High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia) cause jaundice]
113
phototherapy
treated with exposure to bright lights
114
congenital anomalies
structural or functional abnormalities.
congenital = those that an infant is born with
[An anomaly is an irregularity in a structure or organ. EX. include webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly), heart defects, and clubbed feet.]
115
hereditary
passed to the infant through chromosomes from the father or mother, or both
116
Recombinant DNA
the process of taking a gene (a region of DNA) from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.
117
CRISPR
an acronym for new DNA editing tool that changes DNA sequences to turn off genes or to replace them with new versions.
CRISPR means clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats!
118
syndrome
course for running ; a group of signs or symptoms that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a disease or inherited abnormality.
119
Reye syndrome
characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver. [It may occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin.]
120
Marfan syndrome
an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type with long, “spidery” fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), elongated head, and heart, blood vessel, and ophthalmic abnormalities
121
transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)
a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument (resectoscope) passed through (trans-) the urethra.
The procedure is indicated when prostatic tissue increases (hyperplasia) and interferes with urination. [This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH.]
122
Ultrasonography
a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves (inaudible sound waves) to produce an image of an organ or tissue.
[ a machine records ultrasonic echoes as they pass through different types of tissue. X-rays are not used!]
123
Echocardiograms
ultrasound images of the heart.
124
sonogram
ultrasound image
125
Anemia is a major problem for many patients who are in...
chronic renal failure
This is because as renal function decreases, the kidneys secrete less erythropoietin
126
erythropoietin
a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
[Under normal conditions, when the body senses a decrease in red blood cells or a deficiency in the supply of oxygen, more erythropoietin is produced, thus increasing the number of erythrocytes.]
127
Epoetin alfa (Epogen or Procrit)
a man-made form of human erythropoietin.
It is genetically engineered through recombinant DNA technology and stimulates bone marrow to make and release red blood cells.
[As the hematocrit rises, patients experience increased energy, appetite, and greater stamina.]
128
hematocrit
the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
129
Side effects of myelosuppressive chemotherapy may be treated by...
Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin
130
abductor
(ab-DUK-tor): Muscle that draws a limb away from the body.
131
adductor
(ah-DUK-tor): Muscle that draws a limb toward the body.
132
analysis
(ah-NAL-ih-sis): Separation of a substance into various parts.
133
anoxia
(ah-NOK-se-ah): Without oxygen.
134
ante cibum (a.c.)
(AN-te SE-bum): Before meals; (a.c.).
135
anteflexion
an-te-FLEK-shun): Bending forward.
136
antepartum
an-te-PAR-tum): Before birth.
137
antibiotic
(an-tih-bi-OT-ik): Chemical substance that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body.
138
antibody
(AN-tih-bod-e): Protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood.
139
antigen
(AN-tih-jen): Foreign substance or toxin (poison) that stimulates the production of an antibody; evokes an immune response.
140
antisepsis
(an-tih-SEP-sus): Destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection.
141
antitoxin
(an-tih-TOX-in): Substance produced against a toxin (poison); an antibody.
142
apnea
(AP-ne-ah): Without breathing.
143
benign
(be-NINE): Non-cancerous.
144
bifurcation
(bi-fur-KA-shun): Branching into two parts.
145
bilateral
(bi-LAT-er-al): Pertaining to two or both sides.
146
bradycardia
(bra-de-KAR-de-ah): Slow heartbeat.
147
contraindication
(kon-trah-in-dih-KA-shun): Factor that indicates against the administration of a drug or procedure in the care of a patient.
148
contralateral
(kon-trah-LAT-er-al): Affecting the opposite side of a part of the body.
149
dehydration
(de-hi-DRA-shun): Excessive loss of water.
150
dialysis
(di-AL-ih-sis): Separation of nitrogenous wastes from the blood when the kidneys no longer function; hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are examples.
151
diameter
(di-AM-eh-ter): Measurement through the center of a circle (for example the size of the opening of a blood vessel).
152
diarrhea
(di-ah-RE-ah): Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.
153
dysentery
(DIS-en-ter-e): Painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection.
154
dysplasia
(dis-PLA-ze-ah): Condition of abnormal formation.
155
dyspnea
DISP-ne-ah): Difficult breathing.
156
ectopic pregnancy
(ek-TOP-ik PREG-nan-se): Pregnancy that is out of place (not in the uterus). A fallopian tube is the most common ectopic site.
157
endocardium
(en-do-KAR-de-um): Inner lining of the heart.
158
endoscope
(EN-do-skope): Instrument to visually examine the interior of the body.
159
endotracheal
(en-do-TRA-ke-al): Pertaining to within the trachea.
160
epithelium
(ep-ih-THE-le-um): Layer of cells covering the external surface of the body and lining the hollow tubes within the body.
161
euphoria
(u-FOR-e-ah): Exaggerated feeling of well-being; elevated mood, “high.”
162
euthyroid
(u-THI-royd): Normal thyroid function.
163
exophthalmos
(ek-sof-THAL-mos): Protrusion of the eyeball; sign of hyperthyroidism.
164
hemiglossectomy
(hem-e-glos-SEK-to-me): Removal (resection) of half the tongue.
165
hyperglycemia
(hi-per-gli-SE-me-ah): High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; associated with diabetes mellitus.
166
hyperplasia
(hi-per-PLA-ze-ah): Condition of increased formation of cells.
167
hypertrophy
(hi-PER-tro-fe): Increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells.
168
hypodermic injection
(hi-po-DER-mik in-JEK-shun): Injection of medication under the skin.
169
infracostal
(in-frah-KOS-tal): Pertaining to below the ribs.
170
insomniac
(in-SOM-ne-ak): Pertaining to without sleep; an insomniac is a person who cannot sleep.
171
intercostal
(in-ter-KOS-tal): Pertaining to between the ribs.
172
intravenous
(in-trah-VE-nus): Pertaining to within a vein.
173
macrocephaly
(mak-ro-SEH-fah-le): Condition of a larger than normal head; congenital anomaly.
174
malaise
(mal-AYZ): General feeling of bodily discomfort.
175
malignant
(mah-LIG-nant): Cancerous; harmful.
176
metacarpal bones
(met-ah-KAR-pal bones): Hand bones; literally beyond the wrist.
177
metamorphosis
(met-ah-MOR-fuh-sis): Condition of change of shape or form.
178
metastasis
(meh-TAS-tah-sis): Spread of a malignant tumor beyond its original location to a distant site.
179
neonatal
(ne-o-NA-tal): Pertaining to a new birth.
180
neoplasm
(NE-o-plaz-im): New growth.
181
pancytopenia
(pan-si-to-PE-ne-ah): Deficiency of all (blood) cells.
182
paralysis
(pah-RAL-ih-sis): Destruction of nerve tissue leading to loss of sensation or motion in a part of the body.
183
parathyroid glands
(par-ah-THI-royd glanz): Four endocrine glands on the posterior (dorsal) side of the thyroid gland; secrete parathormone.
184
percutaneous
(per-ku-TA-ne-us): Pertaining to through the skin.
185
pericardium
(peh-rih-KAR-de-um): Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
186
polymorphonuclear
(pol-e-mor-fo-NU-kle-ar): Pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic white blood cells).
187
polyneuritis
(pol-e-nu-RI-tis): Inflammation of many nerves.
188
postmortem
(post-MOR-tem): After death.
189
postpartum
(post-PAR-tum): After birth.
190
precancerous
(pre-KAN-ser-us): Pertaining to occurring before a malignant condition.
191
prenatal
(pre-NA-tal): Pertaining to before birth.
192
prodrome
(PRO-drohm): Sign or symptom that appears before the onset of a more serious illness. An example of a prodrome is the fever that signals the onset of a viral illness.
193
prolapse
(PRO-laps): Sliding forward or downward.
194
prosthesis
(pros-THE-sis): Artificial substitute for a missing body part.
195
recombinant DNA
(re-KOM-bin-ant DNA): Insertion of a gene (region of DNA) from one organism into the DNA of another.
196
relapse
(RE-laps): Sliding or falling back; as in return of illness after apparent recovery.
197
remission
(re-MIH-shun): Return to good health; signs and symptoms of disease are gone.
198
retroflexion
(re-tro-FLEK-shun): Bending backward.
199
retroperitoneal
(reh-tro-peh-rih-to-NE-al): Pertaining to behind the peritoneum (membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity).
200
subcutaneous
(sub-ku-TA-ne-us): Pertaining to under the skin.
201
suprapubic
(su-prah-PU-bik): Pertaining to above the pubic bones.
202
symbiosis
sim-be-O-sis): Close interaction between two organisms living in close association.
203
symmetry
(SIM-met-re): Measurement together; similarity of parts as in mirror images of each other.
204
symphysis
(SIM-fih-sis): Bones that grow together separated by a piece of fibrocartilage. The pubic symphysis of the pelvis is an example.
205
syndactyly
(sin-DAK-til-e): Fusion of fingers or toes; congenital anomaly.
206
syndrome
(SIN-drohm): Signs and symptoms that occur together indicating a particular condition or disorder.
207
synthesis
(SIN-theh-sis): Putting together of simple substances to create something new and often more complex.
208
tachypnea
(tah-KIP-ne-ah): Abnormally rapid breathing.
209
transfusion
(tranz-FU-zhun): Transfer of blood from one person to another.
210
transurethral
(tranz-u-RE-thral): Pertaining to across or through the urethra.
211
ultrasonography
(ul-trah-so-NOG-rah-fe): Use of high frequency sound waves to produce a record or picture of an organ or tissue.
212
unilateral
(u-nih-LAT-er-al): Pertaining to one side.
213
abnormal
pertaining to away from the rule or order
