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Medical Terminology for study > Ch. 1 - Basic World Structure > Flashcards

Ch. 1 - Basic World Structure Flashcards

From The Language of Medicine, 12th Edition

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is “root(s)”?

A

the foundation of the word(s)
[For example, the root hemat means blood.]

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2
Q

What is “Suffix(es)”?

A

the world ending
[The suffix -logy means process of study]

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3
Q

What is “Prefix(es)”?

A

Word beginning

[Not all medical terms contain prefixes, but it can have an important influence on the meaning.]

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4
Q

What is “Combining Vowel”?

A

links the root to the suffix or the root to another root ; usually “O”
[It has no meaning of its own; it joins one word part to another. (e.g.) hematology means process of study of blood.]

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5
Q

What is “Combining Form(s)”?

A

combination of the root and the combining vowel (root + “o”)
[e.g. Hamato = Hemat/o (Blood)]

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6
Q

Remember 3 general rules:

A
  1. READ the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across.
  2. DROP the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis, not “gastroitis.”
  3. KEEP the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrenterology.”
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7
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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8
Q

athr/o

A

joint

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9
Q

bi/o

A

life

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10
Q

carcin/o

A

cancerous, cancer

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11
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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12
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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13
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

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14
Q

cis/o

A

to cut

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15
Q

crin/o

A

to secrete (to from and give off)

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16
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid)

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17
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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18
Q

derm/o , dermat/o

A

skin

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19
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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20
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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21
Q

enter/o

A

intestines (usually the small intestine)

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22
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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23
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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24
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

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25
Q

gnos/o

A

knowledge

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26
Q

gynec/o

A

woman, female

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27
Q

hemat/o , hem/o

A

blood

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28
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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29
Q

iatr/o

A

treatment, physician

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30
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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31
Q

log/o

A

study of

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32
Q

nephr/o , ren/o

A

kidney

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33
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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34
Q

onc/o

A

tumor (cancerous)

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35
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye

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36
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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37
Q

path/o

A

disease

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38
Q

ped/o

A

child

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39
Q

phych/o

A

mind

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40
Q

radi/o

A

x-rays

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41
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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42
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

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43
Q

sect/o

A

to cut

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44
Q

thromb/o

A

clot, clotting

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45
Q

ur/o

A

urinary tract, urine

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46
Q

-ac, -al, -ic. -ical

A

pertaining to

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47
Q

-algia

A

pain

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48
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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49
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, removal

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50
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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51
Q

-genic

A

pertaining to, producing, produced by, or produced in

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52
Q

-globin

A

protein

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53
Q

-gram

A

record

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54
Q

-ion

A

process

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55
Q

-ist

A

specialist

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56
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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57
Q

-logy

A

process of study

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58
Q

-oma

A

tumor, mass, swelling

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59
Q

-opsy

A

process of viewing

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60
Q

ophthalmologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating (surgically and medically) disorders of the eye.

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61
Q

optometrist

A

a health care professional who examines (metr/o = to measure) eyes and prescribes corrective lenses and may treat eye diseases.

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62
Q

optician

A

grinds lenses and fits glasses but does not examine eyes, prescribe corrective lenses, or treat eye diseases.

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63
Q

-osis

A

condition, usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with blood cells)

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64
Q

-pathy

A

disease condition

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65
Q

-scope

A

instrument to visually examine

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66
Q

-scopy

A

process of visually examining

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67
Q

-sis

A

state of ; condition

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68
Q

-tomy

A

process of cutting, incidion

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69
Q

-y

A

process, condition

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70
Q

Chronic

A

pertaining to over a long period of time

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71
Q

traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a serious brain injury associated with high-impact head trauma (as may be found in football and boxing).

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72
Q

a-, an-

A

no, not, without

73
Q

aut-, auto-

A

self, own

73
Q

dia-

A

complete, through

74
Q

endo-

A

within

75
Q

epi-

A

above, upon

76
Q

ex-, exo-

A

out, outside of, outward

77
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above, more than normal

78
Q

hypo-

A

deficient, below, under, less than normal

79
Q

in-

A

into, in

80
Q

peri-

A

surrounding, around

81
Q

Read this: ‘Plurals’

A

Terms ending in -is (diagnosis, prognosis) form their plural by dropping the -is and adding -es.

82
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

hyperactive thyroid gland (an endocrine gland in the neck) secretes a greater than normal amount of thyroxine (thyroid hormone, or T4).

[Because thyroxine causes cells to burn fuel and release energy, signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism are increased energy level and nervousness, tachycardia (increased heart rate),weight loss, and exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs).]

83
Q

pro-

A

before, forward

84
Q

re-

A

back, backward, again

85
Q

retro-

A

behind

86
Q

retro-

A

behind

87
Q

sub-

A

below, under

88
Q

trans-

A

across, through

89
Q

adenitis

A

(ah-deh-NI-tis): Inflammation of a gland.

90
Q

adenoma

A

(ah-deh-NO-mah): Tumor of a gland; benign tumor.

91
Q

adenopathy

A

(ah-deh-NOP-ah-the): Disease condition of a “gland”, actually refers to disease of lymph nodes; lymphadenopathy.

92
Q

anemia

A

(ah-NE-me-ah): Condition marked by reduction in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin in blood.

93
Q

arthralgia

A

(ar-THRAL-jah): Joint pain.

94
Q

arthritis

A

(ar-THRI-tis): Inflammation of a joint.

95
Q

autopsy

A

(AW-top-se): Examination of a body after death (postmortem) to determine the cause of death.

96
Q

biology

A

(bi-OL-o-je): Study of life (living organisms).

97
Q

biopsy

A

(BI-op-se): Process of removing a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination.

98
Q

carcinogenic

A

(kar-sih-no-JEN-ik): Pertaining to producing cancer.

99
Q

carcinoma

A

(kar-sih-NO-mah): Cancerous (malignant)tumor.

100
Q

cardiac

A

(KAR-de-ak): Pertaining to the heart.

101
Q

cardiology

A

(kar-de-OL-o-je): Study of the heart.

102
Q

cephalic

A

(seh-FAH-lik): Pertaining to the head.

103
Q

cerebral

A

(seh-RE-bral): Pertaining to the cerebrum (largest part of the brain).

104
Q

cystitis

A

(sis-TI-tis): Inflammation of the urinary bladder.

105
Q

cystoscopy

A

(sis-TOS-ko-pe): Visual examination of the urinary bladder.

106
Q

cytology

A

(si-TOL-o-je): Study of cells.

107
Q

dermatitis

A

(der-mah-TI-tis): Inflammation of the skin.

108
Q

dermatology

A

(der-mah-TOL-o-je): Study of the skin.

109
Q

diagnosis

A

(di-ag-NO-sis): Complete knowledge of a patient’s condition.

110
Q

electrocardiogram

A

(eh-lek-tro-KAR-de-o-gram): Record of the electricity within the heart.

111
Q

electroencephalogram

A

eh-lek-tro-en-SEF-ah-lo-gram): Record of the electricity in the brain.

112
Q

encephalopathy

A

(en-seh-fah-LOP-ath-e): Disease of the brain.

113
Q

endocrine glands

A

(EN-do-krin glanz): Glands that secrete hormones within the body, directly into the bloodstream.

[hypothalamus (lower central part of the brain), pituitary (at the base of the brain, and is no bigger than a pea), thyroid (in the front part of the lower neck), parathyroids (Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that work together), adrenals (sit on top of each kidney), pineal body, the ovaries (female), the testes (male)]

114
Q

endocrinologist

A

(en-do-crin-OL-o-jist): Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.

115
Q

endocrinology

A

(en-do-krin-OL-o-je): Study of the endocrine glands.

116
Q

endoscope

A

(EN-do-skope): Instrument to visually examine the interior of the body.

117
Q

endoscopy

A

(en-DOS-ko-pe): Process of visual examination within the body.

118
Q

enteritis

A

(en-teh-RI-tis): Inflammation of the small intestine.

119
Q

epidermis

A

(ep-ih-DER-mis): Outer layer of the skin.

120
Q

epigastric

A

(ep-ih-GAS-trik): Pertaining to above or upon the stomach.

121
Q

erythrocyte

A

(eh-RITH-ro-site): Red blood cell.

122
Q

excision

A

(ek-SIZH-un): Process of cutting out; removal; resection.

123
Q

exocrine glands

A

(EK-so-krin glanz): Glands that secrete chemicals to the outside of the body.

[sweat glands, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and digestive glands in the stomach, pancreas, and intestines. (e.g. sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices)]

124
Q

gastrectomy

A

(gas-TREK-to-me): Removal or excision of the stomach.

125
Q

gastric

A

(GAS-trik): Pertaining to the stomach.

126
Q

gastroenterology

A

(gas-tro-en-teh-ROL-o-je): Study of the stomach and intestines.

127
Q

gastrotomy

A

(gas-TROT-o-me): Incision of the stomach.

128
Q

gynecologist

A

(gi-neh-KOL-o-jist): Specialist in the study of disorders of the female reproductive system.

129
Q

gynecology

A

(gi-neh-KOL-o-je): Study of the disorders of the female reproductive system.

130
Q

hematology

A

(he-mah-TOL-o-je): Study of blood and blood disorders.

131
Q

hematoma

A

(he-mah-TO-mah): Collection or mass of blood.

132
Q

hemoglobin

A

(HE-mo-glo-bin): Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.

133
Q

hepatitis

A

(hep-ah-TI-tis): Inflammation of the liver.

134
Q

hepatoma

A

(hep-ah-TO-mah): Tumor (cancerous) of the liver; hepatocellular carcinoma.

135
Q

hyperglycemia

A

(hi-per-gli-SE-me-ah): High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; associated with diabetes mellitus.

136
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

(hi-per-THI-royd-izm): Condition of increased secretion of thyroid gland hormones.

137
Q

hypodermic

A

(hi-po-DER-mik): Pertaining to under the skin.

138
Q

hypogastric

A

(hi-po-GAS-trik): Pertaining to below the stomach.

139
Q

hypoglycemia

A

(hi-po-gli-SE-me-ah): Low/deficient levels of sugar in blood.

140
Q

iatrogenic

A

(i-ah-tro-JEN-ik): Pertaining to produced by a treatment or a procedure.

141
Q

incision

A

(in-SIZH-un): Process of cutting into the body.

142
Q

leukemia

A

(lu-KE-me-ah): Blood condition of high numbers of malignant (cancerous) white blood cells.

143
Q

leukocyte

A

(LU-ko-site): White blood cell.

144
Q

leukocytosis

A

(lu-ko-si-TO-sis): Condition of slight increase in normal white blood cells; often the result of inflammation or infection.

145
Q

nephrectomy

A

(nef-REK-to-me): Removal of a kidney.

146
Q

nephritis

A

(nef-RI-tis): Inflammation of a kidney.

147
Q

nephrology

A

(nef-ROL-o-je): Study of the kidneys and kidney disease.

148
Q

nephrosis

A

(nef-RO-sis): Abnormal condition of the kidney.

149
Q

neural

A

(NU-ral): Pertaining to nerves.

150
Q

neuralgia

A

(nu-RAL-jah): Nerve pain.

151
Q

neurologic

A

(nu-ro-LOJ-ik): Pertaining to the study of nerves.

152
Q

neurology

A

(nu-ROL-o-je): Study of nerves and nerve disorders.

153
Q

oncologist

A

(on-KOL-o-gist): Specialist in the study of tumors; particularly malignant (cancerous) tumors.

154
Q

oncology

A

(on-KOL-o-je): Study of tumors (malignant tumors).

155
Q

ophthalmologist

A

(of-thal-MOL-o-jist): Medical doctor specializing in the diseases of the eye.

156
Q

ophthalmoscope

A

(of-THAL-mo-skope): Instrument to visually examine the eyes.

157
Q

osteitis

A

(os-te-I-tis): Inflammation of bone.

158
Q

osteoarthritis

A

(os-te-o-ar-THRI-tis): Inflammation of bones and joints. This is a progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of cartilage and hypertrophy of bone within the joint.

159
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

(os-te-o-JEN-iksar-KO-mah): Cancerous (malignant) tumor produced in bone; osteosarcoma.

160
Q

osteotomy

A

(os-te-OT-o-me): Incision of a bone.

161
Q

pathogenic

A

(path-o-jen-ic): Pertaining to producing disease.

162
Q

pathologist

A

(path-OL-o-jist): Specialist in the study of disease; evaluates biopsies, and performs autopsies.

163
Q

pathology

A

(path-OL-o-je): Study of disease.

164
Q

pediatric

A

(pe-de-AH-trik): Pertaining to treatment of children.

165
Q

pericardium

A

(peh-rih-KAR-de-um): Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

166
Q

prognosis

A

(prog-NO-sis): Prediction about the outcome of an illness; knowledge beforehand.

167
Q

prostate gland

A

(PROS-tayt gland): Gland in men that surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder and urethra. It produces a fluid which, after combining with sperm cells, leaves the body as semen.

168
Q

psychiatrist

A

(si-KI-ah-trist): Physician who treats the mind and mental disorders.

169
Q

psychology

A

(si-KOL-o-je): Study of the mind.

170
Q

radiology

A

(ra-de-OL-o-je): Study of x-ray and other energy sources in the diagnosis of disease.

171
Q

renal

A

(RE-nal): Pertaining to the kidney.

172
Q

resection

A

(re-SEK-shun): Removal (excision) of an organ or part of the body.

173
Q

retrocardiac

A

(reh-tro-KAR-de-ak): Pertaining to behind the heart.

174
Q

rhinitis

A

(ri-NI-tis): Inflammation of the nose.

175
Q

sarcoma

A

(sar-KO-mah): Tumor (malignant)of flesh tissue such as bone, muscle, fat, and cartilage.

176
Q

subhepatic

A

(sub-heh-PAT-ik): Pertaining to below the liver.

177
Q

thrombocyte

A

(THROM-bo-site): Clotting cell; platelet.

178
Q

transhepatic

A

(tranz-heh-PAT-ik): Pertaining to through or across the liver.

Medical Terminology for study (6 decks)

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