Ch. 1 - Basic World Structure Flashcards
From The Language of Medicine, 12th Edition
1
Q
What is “root(s)”?
A
the foundation of the word(s)
[For example, the root hemat means blood.]
2
Q
What is “Suffix(es)”?
A
the world ending
[The suffix -logy means process of study]
3
Q
What is “Prefix(es)”?
A
Word beginning
[Not all medical terms contain prefixes, but it can have an important influence on the meaning.]
4
Q
What is “Combining Vowel”?
A
links the root to the suffix or the root to another root ; usually “O”
[It has no meaning of its own; it joins one word part to another. (e.g.) hematology means process of study of blood.]
5
Q
What is “Combining Form(s)”?
A
combination of the root and the combining vowel (root + “o”)
[e.g. Hamato = Hemat/o (Blood)]
6
Q
Remember 3 general rules:
A
- READ the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across.
- DROP the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis, not “gastroitis.”
- KEEP the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrenterology.”
7
Q
aden/o
A
gland
8
Q
athr/o
A
joint
9
Q
bi/o
A
life
10
Q
carcin/o
A
cancerous, cancer
11
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
12
Q
cephal/o
A
head
13
Q
cerebr/o
A
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
14
Q
cis/o
A
to cut
15
Q
crin/o
A
to secrete (to from and give off)
16
Q
cyst/o
A
urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid)
17
Q
cyt/o
A
cell
18
Q
derm/o , dermat/o
A
skin
19
Q
electr/o
A
electricity
20
Q
encephal/o
A
brain
21
Q
enter/o
A
intestines (usually the small intestine)
22
Q
erythr/o
A
red
23
Q
gastr/o
A
stomach
24
Q
glyc/o
A
sugar
25
gnos/o
knowledge
26
gynec/o
woman, female
27
hemat/o , hem/o
blood
28
hepat/o
liver
29
iatr/o
treatment, physician
30
leuk/o
white
31
log/o
study of
32
nephr/o , ren/o
kidney
33
neur/o
nerve
34
onc/o
tumor (cancerous)
35
ophthalm/o
eye
36
oste/o
bone
37
path/o
disease
38
ped/o
child
39
phych/o
mind
40
radi/o
x-rays
41
rhin/o
nose
42
sarc/o
flesh
43
sect/o
to cut
44
thromb/o
clot, clotting
45
ur/o
urinary tract, urine
46
-ac, -al, -ic. -ical
pertaining to
47
-algia
pain
48
-cyte
cell
49
-ectomy
excision, removal
50
-emia
blood condition
51
-genic
pertaining to, producing, produced by, or produced in
52
-globin
protein
53
-gram
record
54
-ion
process
55
-ist
specialist
56
-itis
inflammation
57
-logy
process of study
58
-oma
tumor, mass, swelling
59
-opsy
process of viewing
60
ophthalmologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating (surgically and medically) disorders of the eye.
61
optometrist
a health care professional who examines (metr/o = to measure) eyes and prescribes corrective lenses and may treat eye diseases.
62
optician
grinds lenses and fits glasses but does not examine eyes, prescribe corrective lenses, or treat eye diseases.
63
-osis
condition, usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with blood cells)
64
-pathy
disease condition
65
-scope
instrument to visually examine
66
-scopy
process of visually examining
67
-sis
state of ; condition
68
-tomy
process of cutting, incidion
69
-y
process, condition
70
Chronic
pertaining to over a long period of time
71
traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
a serious brain injury associated with high-impact head trauma (as may be found in football and boxing).
72
a-, an-
no, not, without
73
aut-, auto-
self, own
73
dia-
complete, through
74
endo-
within
75
epi-
above, upon
76
ex-, exo-
out, outside of, outward
77
hyper-
excessive, above, more than normal
78
hypo-
deficient, below, under, less than normal
79
in-
into, in
80
peri-
surrounding, around
81
Read this: 'Plurals'
Terms ending in -is (diagnosis, prognosis) form their plural by dropping the -is and adding -es.
82
hyperthyroidism
hyperactive thyroid gland (an endocrine gland in the neck) secretes a greater than normal amount of thyroxine (thyroid hormone, or T4).
[Because thyroxine causes cells to burn fuel and release energy, signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism are increased energy level and nervousness, tachycardia (increased heart rate), weight loss, and exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs).]
83
pro-
before, forward
84
re-
back, backward, again
85
retro-
behind
86
retro-
behind
87
sub-
below, under
88
trans-
across, through
89
adenitis
(ah-deh-NI-tis): Inflammation of a gland.
90
adenoma
(ah-deh-NO-mah): Tumor of a gland; benign tumor.
91
adenopathy
(ah-deh-NOP-ah-the): Disease condition of a “gland”, actually refers to disease of lymph nodes; lymphadenopathy.
92
anemia
(ah-NE-me-ah): Condition marked by reduction in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin in blood.
93
arthralgia
(ar-THRAL-jah): Joint pain.
94
arthritis
(ar-THRI-tis): Inflammation of a joint.
95
autopsy
(AW-top-se): Examination of a body after death (postmortem) to determine the cause of death.
96
biology
(bi-OL-o-je): Study of life (living organisms).
97
biopsy
(BI-op-se): Process of removing a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination.
98
carcinogenic
(kar-sih-no-JEN-ik): Pertaining to producing cancer.
99
carcinoma
(kar-sih-NO-mah): Cancerous (malignant) tumor.
100
cardiac
(KAR-de-ak): Pertaining to the heart.
101
cardiology
(kar-de-OL-o-je): Study of the heart.
102
cephalic
(seh-FAH-lik): Pertaining to the head.
103
cerebral
(seh-RE-bral): Pertaining to the cerebrum (largest part of the brain).
104
cystitis
(sis-TI-tis): Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
105
cystoscopy
(sis-TOS-ko-pe): Visual examination of the urinary bladder.
106
cytology
(si-TOL-o-je): Study of cells.
107
dermatitis
(der-mah-TI-tis): Inflammation of the skin.
108
dermatology
(der-mah-TOL-o-je): Study of the skin.
109
diagnosis
(di-ag-NO-sis): Complete knowledge of a patient’s condition.
110
electrocardiogram
(eh-lek-tro-KAR-de-o-gram): Record of the electricity within the heart.
111
electroencephalogram
eh-lek-tro-en-SEF-ah-lo-gram): Record of the electricity in the brain.
112
encephalopathy
(en-seh-fah-LOP-ath-e): Disease of the brain.
113
endocrine glands
(EN-do-krin glanz): Glands that secrete hormones within the body, directly into the bloodstream.
[hypothalamus (lower central part of the brain), pituitary (at the base of the brain, and is no bigger than a pea), thyroid (in the front part of the lower neck), parathyroids (Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that work together), adrenals (sit on top of each kidney), pineal body, the ovaries (female), the testes (male)]
114
endocrinologist
(en-do-crin-OL-o-jist): Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.
115
endocrinology
(en-do-krin-OL-o-je): Study of the endocrine glands.
116
endoscope
(EN-do-skope): Instrument to visually examine the interior of the body.
117
endoscopy
(en-DOS-ko-pe): Process of visual examination within the body.
118
enteritis
(en-teh-RI-tis): Inflammation of the small intestine.
119
epidermis
(ep-ih-DER-mis): Outer layer of the skin.
120
epigastric
(ep-ih-GAS-trik): Pertaining to above or upon the stomach.
121
erythrocyte
(eh-RITH-ro-site): Red blood cell.
122
excision
(ek-SIZH-un): Process of cutting out; removal; resection.
123
exocrine glands
(EK-so-krin glanz): Glands that secrete chemicals to the outside of the body.
[sweat glands, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and digestive glands in the stomach, pancreas, and intestines. (e.g. sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices)]
124
gastrectomy
(gas-TREK-to-me): Removal or excision of the stomach.
125
gastric
(GAS-trik): Pertaining to the stomach.
126
gastroenterology
(gas-tro-en-teh-ROL-o-je): Study of the stomach and intestines.
127
gastrotomy
(gas-TROT-o-me): Incision of the stomach.
128
gynecologist
(gi-neh-KOL-o-jist): Specialist in the study of disorders of the female reproductive system.
129
gynecology
(gi-neh-KOL-o-je): Study of the disorders of the female reproductive system.
130
hematology
(he-mah-TOL-o-je): Study of blood and blood disorders.
131
hematoma
(he-mah-TO-mah): Collection or mass of blood.
132
hemoglobin
(HE-mo-glo-bin): Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
133
hepatitis
(hep-ah-TI-tis): Inflammation of the liver.
134
hepatoma
(hep-ah-TO-mah): Tumor (cancerous) of the liver; hepatocellular carcinoma.
135
hyperglycemia
(hi-per-gli-SE-me-ah): High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; associated with diabetes mellitus.
136
hyperthyroidism
(hi-per-THI-royd-izm): Condition of increased secretion of thyroid gland hormones.
137
hypodermic
(hi-po-DER-mik): Pertaining to under the skin.
138
hypogastric
(hi-po-GAS-trik): Pertaining to below the stomach.
139
hypoglycemia
(hi-po-gli-SE-me-ah): Low/deficient levels of sugar in blood.
140
iatrogenic
(i-ah-tro-JEN-ik): Pertaining to produced by a treatment or a procedure.
141
incision
(in-SIZH-un): Process of cutting into the body.
142
leukemia
(lu-KE-me-ah): Blood condition of high numbers of malignant (cancerous) white blood cells.
143
leukocyte
(LU-ko-site): White blood cell.
144
leukocytosis
(lu-ko-si-TO-sis): Condition of slight increase in normal white blood cells; often the result of inflammation or infection.
145
nephrectomy
(nef-REK-to-me): Removal of a kidney.
146
nephritis
(nef-RI-tis): Inflammation of a kidney.
147
nephrology
(nef-ROL-o-je): Study of the kidneys and kidney disease.
148
nephrosis
(nef-RO-sis): Abnormal condition of the kidney.
149
neural
(NU-ral): Pertaining to nerves.
150
neuralgia
(nu-RAL-jah): Nerve pain.
151
neurologic
(nu-ro-LOJ-ik): Pertaining to the study of nerves.
152
neurology
(nu-ROL-o-je): Study of nerves and nerve disorders.
153
oncologist
(on-KOL-o-gist): Specialist in the study of tumors; particularly malignant (cancerous) tumors.
154
oncology
(on-KOL-o-je): Study of tumors (malignant tumors).
155
ophthalmologist
(of-thal-MOL-o-jist): Medical doctor specializing in the diseases of the eye.
156
ophthalmoscope
(of-THAL-mo-skope): Instrument to visually examine the eyes.
157
osteitis
(os-te-I-tis): Inflammation of bone.
158
osteoarthritis
(os-te-o-ar-THRI-tis): Inflammation of bones and joints. This is a progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of cartilage and hypertrophy of bone within the joint.
159
osteogenic sarcoma
(os-te-o-JEN-ik sar-KO-mah): Cancerous (malignant) tumor produced in bone; osteosarcoma.
160
osteotomy
(os-te-OT-o-me): Incision of a bone.
161
pathogenic
(path-o-jen-ic): Pertaining to producing disease.
162
pathologist
(path-OL-o-jist): Specialist in the study of disease; evaluates biopsies, and performs autopsies.
163
pathology
(path-OL-o-je): Study of disease.
164
pediatric
(pe-de-AH-trik): Pertaining to treatment of children.
165
pericardium
(peh-rih-KAR-de-um): Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
166
prognosis
(prog-NO-sis): Prediction about the outcome of an illness; knowledge beforehand.
167
prostate gland
(PROS-tayt gland): Gland in men that surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder and urethra. It produces a fluid which, after combining with sperm cells, leaves the body as semen.
168
psychiatrist
(si-KI-ah-trist): Physician who treats the mind and mental disorders.
169
psychology
(si-KOL-o-je): Study of the mind.
170
radiology
(ra-de-OL-o-je): Study of x-ray and other energy sources in the diagnosis of disease.
171
renal
(RE-nal): Pertaining to the kidney.
172
resection
(re-SEK-shun): Removal (excision) of an organ or part of the body.
173
retrocardiac
(reh-tro-KAR-de-ak): Pertaining to behind the heart.
174
rhinitis
(ri-NI-tis): Inflammation of the nose.
175
sarcoma
(sar-KO-mah): Tumor (malignant) of flesh tissue such as bone, muscle, fat, and cartilage.
176
subhepatic
(sub-heh-PAT-ik): Pertaining to below the liver.
177
thrombocyte
(THROM-bo-site): Clotting cell; platelet.
178
transhepatic
(tranz-heh-PAT-ik): Pertaining to through or across the liver.
