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CS 335 - Computer Networks > Ch. 4 - Network Layer (Data Plane) > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Network Layer (Data Plane) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key functions of the data plane and the control plane?

A

Data plane = forwarding - local
Control plane = routing - network-wide

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2
Q

What is a router?

A

A device that examines header fields in IP datagrams and forwards them between networks.

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3
Q

What are the two control-plane approaches?

A

Traditional routing algorithms (routers) and
Software-defined networking (SDN) (servers)

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4
Q

What is the difference between forwarding and routing?

A

In essence, routing is the “brain” that figures out the best path, while forwarding is the “muscle” that moves the packets along that path.

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5
Q

What is the role of a forwarding table within a router?

A

A router uses a packet’s header to index the forwarding table, which is then used to determine the outgoing link interface.

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6
Q

What is DHCP?

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used to dynamically assign IP addresses to devices on a network.

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7
Q

What is NAT?

A

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a technique that allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address.

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8
Q

What is ARP?

A

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network communication protocol that translates a computer’s dynamic IP address to its permanent MAC address.

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9
Q

What is HOL blocking? Does it occur in input ports or output ports?

A

HOL blocking is “Head of the Line” blocking - when a queued datagram at the beginning of a packet prevents others from moving forward. It occurs in input ports

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10
Q

How many IP addresses does a router have?

A

The router interface has two IP addresses, one public and one private.

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11
Q

What is SDN?

A

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) - centralized control and configuration management often in public/private cloud

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12
Q

OpenFlow

A

Protocol for implementing SDN match + action rules.

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13
Q

Quality of Service (QoS)

A

Guarantees for bandwidth, loss, order, timing.

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14
Q

Best Effort Service Model

A

No guarantees on delivery, timing, or order of datagrams nor bandwidth available.

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15
Q

Encapsulation

A

Wrapping data segments into datagrams for transmission.

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16
Q

What is Destination-Based Forwarding?

A

Forwarding based solely on destination IP address.

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17
Q

What is Input Port Queuing?

A

Storing datagrams when arrival exceeds processing rate.

18
Q

What is TCAM?

A

Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) is a memory type for fast address retrieval.

19
Q

What is CIDR?

A

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): A more flexible method using variable-length subnet masks (VLSM).

20
Q

What is Classful Addressing?

A

A historical method of dividing IP addresses into classes (A, B, C) based on the first few bits.

21
Q

Subnetting

A

Dividing a network into smaller subnetworks to improve network efficiency and security. Uses subnet masks to identify the network and host portions of an IP address.

22
Q

What are the main differences between IPv4 and IPv6?

A

IPv4: 32-bit address space, represented in dotted-decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
IPv6: 128-bit address space, represented in hexadecimal notation (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

23
Q

Why the switch to IPv6?

A

Running out of addresses for IPv4 due to the rapid growth of the internet. IPv6 has a vastly larger address space to accommodate future growth.

24
Q

What is the ARP frame structure?

A

Hardware Type, Protocol Type, Hardware Address Length, Protocol Address Length, Sender Hardware Address (MAC), Sender Protocol Address (IP), Target Hardware Address (MAC), Target Protocol Address (IP)

25
Q

What is ICMP?

A

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) reports errors and other information related to IP packet processing and provides basic network diagnostics.

26
Q

What are some common ICMP message types?

A

Echo Request: request an Echo Reply.
Echo Reply: response to an Echo Request.
Destination Unreachable: packet cannot be delivered
Time Exceeded: packet’s Time-to-Live (TTL) expires.
Parameter Problem: packet contains invalid parameters.
Source Quench: host is overloaded and cannot process packets.

27
Q

What are two ICMP-Based Diagnostics?

A

Ping: Sends Echo Request messages to a target host to determine reachability and latency.
Traceroute: Sends Echo Request messages with increasing TTL values to identify the path a packet takes to a destination.

28
Q

What is a Middlebox?

A

Device that transforms, inspects, filters, and manipulates traffic for purposes other than packet forwarding.

29
Q

What are the parts of a router’s architecture?

A

Input/output ports, Switching fabric, Routing processor

30
Q

What is decentralized switching?

A

Using header field values to lookup the output port via the forwarding table, with the goal to complete input port processing at ‘line speed’.

31
Q

Where is the physical layer represented in a router?

A

Input port line termination - Bit-level reception

32
Q

Where is the link layer represented in a router?

A

In the input port, bits are assembled into link layer frames

33
Q

What is generalized forwarding?

A

Forwarding based on any set of header field values

34
Q

What is Longest Prefix Matching?

A

From the forwarding table, use the longest address prefix that matches the destination address.

35
Q

What is the purpose of the switching fabric?

A

To transfer a packet from the input link to the appropriate output link

36
Q

What is the switching rate?

A

The rate at which packets can be transferred from inputs to outputs

37
Q

What is bus contention?

A

Switching speed is limited by the bus bandwidth

38
Q

When is buffering required?

A

When datagrams arrive faster than the link transmission rate.

39
Q

What is the RFC 3439 Rule of Thumb and what is the more recent recommendation?

A

RFC 3439: average buffering = “typical” RTT * link capacity C
New recommendation: with N flows, buffering = (RTT * C) / sqrt(N)

40
Q

Tail drop vs. Priority drop

A

Tail: drop arriving packet
Priority: drop/remove on priority basis

41
Q

Packet marking

A

Packets can be marked to signal congestion (ECN, RED)

42
Q

What is NFV?

A

Network functions visualization: programmable services over whitebox networking, computation, storage

CS 335 - Computer Networks (7 decks)

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