Ch 4 Integumentary System Flashcards
What are the three types of epithelial membranes?
cutaneous
mucous
serous
Do epithelial membranes contain only epithelial tissue?
No, they also contain various conective tissues
What is another name for cutaneous membranes?
Skin or integument
What are the functions of cutaneous membranes?
Protects from mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV radiation, thermal damage, and desiccation; aids body in temperature control; aids in excretion of waste; synthesizes vitamin D
What does dessiccation mean?
drying out
What is keratin?
A tough, fibrous protein
What does it mean for a tissue to be “keratinized”?
The cells, such as those that make up hair, nails, and the upper layer of the skin, contain mostly keratin fibers.
What are the two main layers of the cutaneous membrane?
epidermis and dermis
What are the layers of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
Where do cells undergo mitosis in the epidermis?
stratum basale
In which layer are melanocytes located?
stratum basale
What is the function of melanocytes?
To produce melanin, a pigment that protects from UV radiation
What is the function of keratinocytes?
To produce keratin, a protein found in the hair, nails, and epidermis
Which layer contains layers and layers of dead, keratinized cells?
stratum corneum (top layer)
What are the two layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
In which layer are the ‘dermal papillae’?
papillary layer
In which layer are Pacinian (deep pressure) receptors?
reticular layer
In which layer are capillary loops, pain receptors, and Meissner’s (light touch) receptors?
papillary layer of dermis
In which layer are the blood vessels and glands?
reticular layer of dermis
What is the function of mucous membranes?
to excrete protective mucous
Where are the mucous membranes found in the body?
lining the digestive and respiratory tracts and body cavities open to the exterior
What does pericardium serosa surround?
the heart
What does pleural serosa surround?
the lungs
What does the peritoneum surround?
the intestines
What do parietal and visceral mean?
parietal serous membranes line the cavity wall; visceral serous membranes line the organ
What would visceral pleura line?
the lungs (inner serosa)
What would parietal peritoneum line?
the cavity wall around the intestines (outer serosa)
What would visceral pericardium line?
the heart (inner serosa)
What is the purpose of the serous fluid between the serosa layers?
to reduce friction around organs
What is another name for ‘Connective Tissue Membranes’?
synovial membranes
Where would you find connective tissue (C.T.) membranes in the body?
joints
What is the function of the C.T. membranes?
provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid; provide cushion during activity
Skin protects deeper tissues from what types of damage?
mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV radiation, thermal damage
How might skin help regulate temperature in the body?
by activating sweat glands when overheated and controlling diameter of skin capillary beds (increase in diameter releases excess heat, decrease in diameter retains heat); subcutaneous fat also acts as an insulator
What vitamin is synthesized in the skin?
vitamin D from cholesterol when exposed to UV light
What is the function of melanin?
protect against UV radiation
What are the color possibilities of melanin?
yellow to brown to black
What could occur if melanocytes underwent uncontrolled cell growth?
melanoma (skin cancer)
What factors, other than melanin, affect normal skin color?
hemoglobin and carotene
What does cyanosis indicate?
poorly oxygenated blood
What are the two types of glands in the skin?
sebaceous and sweat
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
produce sebum
What is the function of sebum?
keeps skin soft and inhibits bacterial growth
Where do sebaceous glands empty into?
usually hair follicles
What are the functions of sweat glands?
temperature regulation and waste excretion
What are the two types of sweat glands and how are they different?
eccrine glands are more numerous and empty sweat into pores, its sweat is mostly water;
apocrine glands are found in axillary and genital areas, are larger, and its sweat contains fatty acids and proteins as well
What are the components of sweat?
water, salts, vitamin C, metabolic waste (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid
From what structure does hair grow?
hair follicle
What are the functions of hair?
protection (eyelashes, nose hairs) and insulation
What are the three layers of hair (deep to superficial)?
medulla
cortex
cuticle
What is the arrector pilli and its function?
smooth muscle attached to hair follicle that causes hair to stand on end
What are the parts of the nail?
free edge, body, root, eponychium
What is another name for ‘eponychium’ of the nail?
cuticle
What are the dangers associated with burns to the skin?
infection, dehydration, circulatory shock (due to hypovolemia), and electrolyte imbalance (can cause kidney shut-down)
When determining the extent of burns, how many areas is the human body divided into?
11 areas (9% each)
Describe the layers affected in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th degree burns?
1st-epidermis
2nd-epidermis and upper dermis
3rd-epidermis and full dermis
4th- epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (can be into muscle and bone layers)
When is a burn considered ‘critical’?
25% body has 2nd degree
10% of body has 3rd degree
3rd degree burns of face, hands, feet, or genitals
burns with additional complications (such as smoke or chemical inhalation; fractures, or immune deficiencies)
What is the name given to harmless abnormal cell masses?
benign
What is the name given to harmful abnormal cell masses?
malignant
What is meant by ‘metastasize?’
moves to other parts of the body
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma
What are the ‘ABCDEs’ of detecting melanoma?
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Enlarging or Evolving
What are some other terms for ‘homeostatic imbalances’?
disease, pathologies, illness
What causes athlete’s foot?
a fungus
What causes boils and carbuncles?
bacteria
What causes cold sores?
herpes simplex virus
What causes contact dermititis?
allergens, such as poison ivy, detergent
What causes impetigo?
bacteria (Staphylococcus)
What cause psoriasis?
unknown cause, triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, and stress
