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Anatomy & Physiology > Ch 4 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch 4 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of epithelial membranes?

A

cutaneous

mucous

serous

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2
Q

Do epithelial membranes contain only epithelial tissue?

A

No, they also contain various conective tissues

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3
Q

What is another name for cutaneous membranes?

A

Skin or integument

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4
Q

What are the functions of cutaneous membranes?

A

Protects from mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV radiation, thermal damage, and desiccation; aids body in temperature control; aids in excretion of waste; synthesizes vitamin D

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5
Q

What does dessiccation mean?

A

drying out

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6
Q

What is keratin?

A

A tough, fibrous protein

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7
Q

What does it mean for a tissue to be “keratinized”?

A

The cells, such as those that make up hair, nails, and the upper layer of the skin, contain mostly keratin fibers.

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8
Q

What are the two main layers of the cutaneous membrane?

A

epidermis and dermis

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9
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

stratum lucidum (thick skin only)

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum basale

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10
Q

Where do cells undergo mitosis in the epidermis?

A

stratum basale

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11
Q

In which layer are melanocytes located?

A

stratum basale

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12
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

To produce melanin, a pigment that protects from UV radiation

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13
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

To produce keratin, a protein found in the hair, nails, and epidermis

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14
Q

Which layer contains layers and layers of dead, keratinized cells?

A

stratum corneum (top layer)

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular

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16
Q

In which layer are the ‘dermal papillae’?

A

papillary layer

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17
Q

In which layer are Pacinian (deep pressure) receptors?

A

reticular layer

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18
Q

In which layer are capillary loops, pain receptors, and Meissner’s (light touch) receptors?

A

papillary layer of dermis

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19
Q

In which layer are the blood vessels and glands?

A

reticular layer of dermis

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20
Q

What is the function of mucous membranes?

A

to excrete protective mucous

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21
Q

Where are the mucous membranes found in the body?

A

lining the digestive and respiratory tracts and body cavities open to the exterior

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22
Q

What does pericardium serosa surround?

A

the heart

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23
Q

What does pleural serosa surround?

A

the lungs

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24
Q

What does the peritoneum surround?

A

the intestines

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25
Q

What do parietal and visceral mean?

A

parietal serous membranes line the cavity wall; visceral serous membranes line the organ

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26
Q

What would visceral pleura line?

A

the lungs (inner serosa)

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27
Q

What would parietal peritoneum line?

A

the cavity wall around the intestines (outer serosa)

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28
Q

What would visceral pericardium line?

A

the heart (inner serosa)

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the serous fluid between the serosa layers?

A

to reduce friction around organs

30
Q

What is another name for ‘Connective Tissue Membranes’?

A

synovial membranes

31
Q

Where would you find connective tissue (C.T.) membranes in the body?

A

joints

32
Q

What is the function of the C.T. membranes?

A

provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid; provide cushion during activity

33
Q

Skin protects deeper tissues from what types of damage?

A

mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV radiation, thermal damage

34
Q

How might skin help regulate temperature in the body?

A

by activating sweat glands when overheated and controlling diameter of skin capillary beds (increase in diameter releases excess heat, decrease in diameter retains heat); subcutaneous fat also acts as an insulator

35
Q

What vitamin is synthesized in the skin?

A

vitamin D from cholesterol when exposed to UV light

36
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

protect against UV radiation

37
Q

What are the color possibilities of melanin?

A

yellow to brown to black

38
Q

What could occur if melanocytes underwent uncontrolled cell growth?

A

melanoma (skin cancer)

39
Q

What factors, other than melanin, affect normal skin color?

A

hemoglobin and carotene

40
Q

What does cyanosis indicate?

A

poorly oxygenated blood

41
Q

What are the two types of glands in the skin?

A

sebaceous and sweat

42
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

produce sebum

43
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

keeps skin soft and inhibits bacterial growth

44
Q

Where do sebaceous glands empty into?

A

usually hair follicles

45
Q

What are the functions of sweat glands?

A

temperature regulation and waste excretion

46
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands and how are they different?

A

eccrine glands are more numerous and empty sweat into pores, its sweat is mostly water;

apocrine glands are found in axillary and genital areas, are larger, and its sweat contains fatty acids and proteins as well

47
Q

What are the components of sweat?

A

water, salts, vitamin C, metabolic waste (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid

48
Q

From what structure does hair grow?

A

hair follicle

49
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

protection (eyelashes, nose hairs) and insulation

50
Q

What are the three layers of hair (deep to superficial)?

A

medulla

cortex

cuticle

51
Q

What is the arrector pilli and its function?

A

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle that causes hair to stand on end

52
Q

What are the parts of the nail?

A

free edge, body, root, eponychium

53
Q

What is another name for ‘eponychium’ of the nail?

A

cuticle

54
Q

What are the dangers associated with burns to the skin?

A

infection, dehydration, circulatory shock (due to hypovolemia), and electrolyte imbalance (can cause kidney shut-down)

55
Q

When determining the extent of burns, how many areas is the human body divided into?

A

11 areas (9% each)

56
Q

Describe the layers affected in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th degree burns?

A

1st-epidermis

2nd-epidermis and upper dermis

3rd-epidermis and full dermis

4th- epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (can be into muscle and bone layers)

57
Q

When is a burn considered ‘critical’?

A

25% body has 2nd degree

10% of body has 3rd degree

3rd degree burns of face, hands, feet, or genitals

burns with additional complications (such as smoke or chemical inhalation; fractures, or immune deficiencies)

58
Q

What is the name given to harmless abnormal cell masses?

A

benign

59
Q

What is the name given to harmful abnormal cell masses?

A

malignant

60
Q

What is meant by ‘metastasize?’

A

moves to other parts of the body

61
Q

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant melanoma

62
Q

What are the ‘ABCDEs’ of detecting melanoma?

A

Asymmetry

Border irregularity

Color

Diameter

Enlarging or Evolving

63
Q

What are some other terms for ‘homeostatic imbalances’?

A

disease, pathologies, illness

64
Q

What causes athlete’s foot?

A

a fungus

65
Q

What causes boils and carbuncles?

A

bacteria

66
Q

What causes cold sores?

A

herpes simplex virus

67
Q

What causes contact dermititis?

A

allergens, such as poison ivy, detergent

68
Q

What causes impetigo?

A

bacteria (Staphylococcus)

69
Q

What cause psoriasis?

A

unknown cause, triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, and stress

70
Q
A
71
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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