Ch 4 Integumentary System Flashcards by J.J. Taylor

What are the three types of epithelial membranes?

cutaneous

mucous

serous

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Do epithelial membranes contain only epithelial tissue?

No, they also contain various conective tissues

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What is another name for cutaneous membranes?

Skin or integument

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What are the functions of cutaneous membranes?

Protects from mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV radiation, thermal damage, and desiccation; aids body in temperature control; aids in excretion of waste; synthesizes vitamin D

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What does dessiccation mean?

drying out

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What is keratin?

A tough, fibrous protein

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What does it mean for a tissue to be “keratinized”?

The cells, such as those that make up hair, nails, and the upper layer of the skin, contain mostly keratin fibers.

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What are the two main layers of the cutaneous membrane?

epidermis and dermis

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What are the layers of the epidermis?

stratum corneum

stratum lucidum (thick skin only)

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum basale

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Where do cells undergo mitosis in the epidermis?

stratum basale

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In which layer are melanocytes located?

stratum basale

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What is the function of melanocytes?

To produce melanin, a pigment that protects from UV radiation

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What is the function of keratinocytes?

To produce keratin, a protein found in the hair, nails, and epidermis

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Which layer contains layers and layers of dead, keratinized cells?

stratum corneum (top layer)

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What are the two layers of the dermis?

papillary and reticular

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In which layer are the ‘dermal papillae’?

papillary layer

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In which layer are Pacinian (deep pressure) receptors?

reticular layer

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In which layer are capillary loops, pain receptors, and Meissner’s (light touch) receptors?

papillary layer of dermis

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In which layer are the blood vessels and glands?

reticular layer of dermis

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What is the function of mucous membranes?

to excrete protective mucous

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Where are the mucous membranes found in the body?

lining the digestive and respiratory tracts and body cavities open to the exterior

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What does pericardium serosa surround?

the heart

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What does pleural serosa surround?

the lungs

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What does the peritoneum surround?

the intestines

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What do parietal and visceral mean?

parietal serous membranes line the cavity wall; visceral serous membranes line the organ

What would visceral pleura line?

the lungs (inner serosa)

What would parietal peritoneum line?

the cavity wall around the intestines (outer serosa)

What would visceral pericardium line?

the heart (inner serosa)

What is the purpose of the serous fluid between the serosa layers?

to reduce friction around organs

What is another name for 'Connective Tissue Membranes'?

synovial membranes

Where would you find connective tissue (C.T.) membranes in the body?

joints

What is the function of the C.T. membranes?

provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid; provide cushion during activity

Skin protects deeper tissues from what types of damage?

mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV radiation, thermal damage

How might skin help regulate temperature in the body?

by activating sweat glands when overheated and controlling diameter of skin capillary beds (increase in diameter releases excess heat, decrease in diameter retains heat); subcutaneous fat also acts as an insulator

What vitamin is synthesized in the skin?

vitamin D from cholesterol when exposed to UV light

What is the function of melanin?

protect against UV radiation

What are the color possibilities of melanin?

yellow to brown to black

What could occur if melanocytes underwent uncontrolled cell growth?

melanoma (skin cancer)

What factors, other than melanin, affect normal skin color?

hemoglobin and carotene

What does cyanosis indicate?

poorly oxygenated blood

What are the two types of glands in the skin?

sebaceous and sweat

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

produce sebum

What is the function of sebum?

keeps skin soft and inhibits bacterial growth

Where do sebaceous glands empty into?

usually hair follicles

What are the functions of sweat glands?

temperature regulation and waste excretion

What are the two types of sweat glands and how are they different?

eccrine glands are more numerous and empty sweat into pores, its sweat is mostly water; apocrine glands are found in axillary and genital areas, are larger, and its sweat contains fatty acids and proteins as well

What are the components of sweat?

water, salts, vitamin C, metabolic waste (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid

From what structure does hair grow?

hair follicle

What are the functions of hair?

protection (eyelashes, nose hairs) and insulation

What are the three layers of hair (deep to superficial)?

medulla cortex cuticle

What is the arrector pilli and its function?

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle that causes hair to stand on end

What are the parts of the nail?

free edge, body, root, eponychium

What is another name for 'eponychium' of the nail?

cuticle

What are the dangers associated with burns to the skin?

infection, dehydration, circulatory shock (due to hypovolemia), and electrolyte imbalance (can cause kidney shut-down)

When determining the extent of burns, how many areas is the human body divided into?

11 areas (9% each)

Describe the layers affected in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th degree burns?

1st-epidermis 2nd-epidermis and upper dermis 3rd-epidermis and full dermis 4th- epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (can be into muscle and bone layers)

When is a burn considered 'critical'?

25% body has 2nd degree 10% of body has 3rd degree 3rd degree burns of face, hands, feet, or genitals burns with additional complications (such as smoke or chemical inhalation; fractures, or immune deficiencies)

What is the name given to harmless abnormal cell masses?

benign

What is the name given to harmful abnormal cell masses?

malignant

What is meant by ‘metastasize?’

moves to other parts of the body

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanoma

What are the ‘ABCDEs’ of detecting melanoma?

Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter Enlarging or Evolving

What are some other terms for 'homeostatic imbalances'?

disease, pathologies, illness

What causes athlete's foot?

a fungus

What causes boils and carbuncles?

bacteria

What causes cold sores?

herpes simplex virus

What causes contact dermititis?

allergens, such as poison ivy, detergent

What causes impetigo?

bacteria (Staphylococcus)

What cause psoriasis?

unknown cause, triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, and stress