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BIO 220 [Exam #1] > Ch. 4 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is it important to know the average side of bacteria?

A

For identification (naming)
- genus, species

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2
Q

What unit of measurement is used for bacteria?

A

microns/micrometer

µm

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3
Q

Majority of bacteria are ___________, but some bacteria are _____________.

A

monomorphic
pleomorphic

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4
Q

Compare and contrast monomorphic from pleomorphic

A

monomorphic: one shape is present

pleomorphic: many shapes are present

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5
Q

What are some reasons as to why a culture may be pleomorphic?

A
  • mixes culture of bacteria
  • may be contaminated
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6
Q

Name the three basic shapes of prokaryotes

A

Coccus

Bacillus
- Coccobacillus

Spiral
- Vibrio
- Spirillum
- Spirochete

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7
Q

Describe the shape of:
Coccus
Bacillus
Coccobacillus
Vibrio

A

coccus: spherical/round

bacillus: rod-shaped/rectangular

coccobacillus: oval-shaped (still considered rod-shaped)

vibrio: comma-shaped

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8
Q

What shape of prokaryotic cells are capable of motility?

A

spiral (vibrio, spirillum, spirochete)

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9
Q

Compare spirilla/spirillum from spirochetes

Draw a picture of these (optional)

(include cell description, how cells move)

A

Spirilla/spirillum
- rigid cells
- short/thick cells
- loosely coiled cells
- cells move via flagella

Spirochetes
- flexible cells
- longer/thin cells
- tightly coiled cells
- cells move via endoflagella

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10
Q

Name the different cell arrangement of prokaryotic cells

A

Pairs: diplo-

Clusters: staphylo-

Chains: strepto-

EXCLUSIVE TO COCCI:
Groups of four (2x2): tetrads
Cube-like groups of eight (2x2x2): sarcinae (two tetrads stacked)

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11
Q

Be able to draw the arrangement and shape of specifically named bacteria (Ex: How would staphylococcus vs. streptobacillus look like?)

DRAW:
diplococci
diplobacilli
staphylococci
streptococci
streptobacilli
tetrads
sarcinae

A

refer to slide 5 of chapter 4

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12
Q

Be able to label the different prokaryotic cell structures.

Refer to blank PDF sheet provided by professor

A
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13
Q

Describe glycocalyx (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition, function, and types/examples

A

Location
Layer external to cw

Characteristics
- Optional: may/may not be present
- Viscous (thick) & gelatinous

Composition
- Polysaccharides (carbs)
OR
- Polypeptides (protein)

Function(s)

Glycocalyx - Capsule (carb):
- Bacterium easily attaches to host tissue bc of sticky capsule (bc its sugar) = DANGEROUS
- Makes bacterium look bigger = escape phagocytosis
- EX OF ENCAPSULATED BACT:
Streptococcus mutans (mouth/teeth = cavities)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (largest capsule)

Types/Examples
- Capsule (carbs): thick, organized, attached to cw
- Slime layer (protein): thin, unorganized, loosely attached to cw

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14
Q

Draw the difference between a prokaryote cell with a glycocalyx capsule and one with a slime layer

A

Should have drawn capsule as thick, organized and tightly attached to cw

should have drawn slime layer as thin, unorganized, and loosely attached to cell wall

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15
Q

Describe Flagella/Flagellum (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition, function

A

Location

  • External to cell
  • Found in some
    bacilli/bacillus sprilla/spirillum

Characteristics

  • Optional: may/may not be present
  • Long, filamentous appendages
  • Various arrangements

Composition

  • Flagellin (protein) -> filaments -> flagellum
  • Three parts: filament, hook, basal body

Function(s)

Flagella
- Move bacteria: locate nutrient source, escape phagocytosis

Flagellin Protein
- Act as “H antigens” (surface markers) to distinguish among different subspecies/strains of bacteria
Ex: E. coli O157:H7

Types/Examples
N/A

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16
Q

Is this bacteria capable of motility:
E. coli O157:H7

If yes, how are you able to tell?

A

Yes, because it has an H antigen. H antigens are found in flagellin protein which make up a flagellum. Flagellums function to move bacteria

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17
Q

Name the three parts to flagellum. Briefly describe them

If possible, draw it out and label the parts.

A

Filament: outermost region
Hook: attaches to filament to basal body
Basal body: anchors flagellum

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18
Q

Describe Axial Filaments/Endoflagella (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition, function

A

Location
- Internal to cell (intracellular)
- In between outer mem. of cell wall and cell membrane
- Found in spirochetes

Characteristics
- Optional: may/may not be present
- Anchored at one end

Composition
- Proteins

Function(s)

Rotation of axial filament/endoflagella allows cell to move in corkscrew/sprial motion

Types/Examples
N/A

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19
Q

Describe Fimbriae (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition, function

A

Location
- External to cell

Characteristics
- Hair-like appendages

Composition
- Proteins

Function(s)
- Allows for attachment

Types/Examples
N/A

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20
Q

Describe Pili/Pilus (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, composition, function, and types/examples

A

Location
- External to cell

Characteristics
N/A

Composition
- Proteins

Function(s)
- Allows “twitching” motility
- DNA transfer

Types/Examples
- Conjugation pilus (DNA transfer): Transfers DNA from donor cell to recipient cell, now making the recipient cell different

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21
Q

Describe Cell Wall (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition, function

A

Location

  • Outermost layer (if no glycocalyx present)

Characteristics

  • Most bacteria have cw
  • Varying amounts of peptidoglycan
  • More peptidoglycan = thick; gram-positive bact. (violet)
  • Less peptidoglycan = thin; gram-negative bact. (pink/red)

Composition

  • Peptidoglycan (rows of carbs connected to proteins)

Function(s)

  • Prevents osmotic lysis (cell rupturing)
  • Gives structure to bacteria
  • protects cell membrane

Types/Examples
N/A

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22
Q

Compare Gram-Negative Bacteria from Gram-Positive Bacteria
(layer, acid, outermembrane, sensitivity)

If possible, include a drawing showing the difference

A

Gram-Negative Bacteria:
Thin peptidoglycan layer
No teichoic acids
Has outermembrane with LPS (lipopolysachharide)
Resistant to PCN (penicillin)

Gram-Positive Bacteria
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Has teichoic acids
No outermembrane
Sensitive to PCN (penicillin)

23
Q

What is the major component to the outer membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria cell wall?

A

LPS (lipopolysachharide)

24
Q

What is LPS (lipopolysachharide) made of?

What type of bacteria contain LPS?

Name the three components of LPS and their function

Draw and label these components

A

lipids and carbs

gram negative bacteria

3 components:
- Lipid A: functions as toxin
- Core polysachharide: Joins lipid A and O polysachharide
- O polysachharide: Functions as antigen (surface marker) to help distinguish between different strains (there are diff. types of O polysachharides)

25
Q

Explain the different steps of Differential Staining

A
  • apply violet dye (all gram + and gram - will turn purple)
  • apply iodine and alcohol wash (ex: only bacilli lost purple color)
  • apple safranin dye to all bacteria (ex: bacilli picked up red dye (bc red was taken off earlier) and cocci kept violet dye)

NOTE you cannot stack dyes!

26
Q

What information can you collect after conducting Gram/Differential staining?

A
  • gram rxn (+ or -)
  • shape
  • arrangement
  • size
27
Q

In what “families” would you atypical cell walls?

A

Genus Mycobacterium
Genus Mycoplasma
Domain Archaea

28
Q

Why is Genus Mycoplasma considered to have atypical cell walls?

A

lacks cell walls

29
Q

Why is Domain Archaea considered to have atypical cell walls?

A

lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall

30
Q

Why is Genus Mycobacterium considered to have atypical cell walls?

A

cell wall has a waxy lipid, mycolic acid, bound to peptidoglycan

mycolic acid cannot do gram staining, so acid-fast stain must be used

mycolic acid also helps to prevent descruction of mycobacterium by phagocytosis

31
Q

Describe Plasma (cell) membrane (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition, function

A

Location
- Deep to cell wall

Characteristics
- contains peripheral (surface) proteins on membrane surface
- contains integral and transmembrane proteins that penetrate the cell membrane

Composition
- Made of phospholipid bilayer (encloses cytoplasm)

Function(s)
- Transport/Selectively permeable: allows passage of some molecules, but not others
- Site of ATP synthesis (bc bacteria lack mitochondria)
- Site of photosynthesis to produce O2 (bc bacteria lack chloroplast)
Ex: cyanobacteria

Types/Examples
N/A

32
Q

Compare passive from active transport.

Include which processes require energy.

A

Passive Transport: natural movement of particles from area of high concentration -> low concentration
NO ENERGY REQ
ex: simple diffusion; facilitatied diffusion, osmosis

Active Transport: movement of solutes from an area of low concentration -> high concentration
REQ ENERGY (usually in form ATP)

33
Q

Describe these passive processes:
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

A

Simple Diffusion: movement of small, uncharged particles

Facilitated Diffusion: movement of large, charged partciles

Osmosis: movement of water

34
Q

H2O moves from a ____ solute concentration ( ____ solution/ ____ H2O volume) to a _____ solute concentration ( ____ solution/ ____ H2O volume)

A

low (hypotonic solution/high H2O volume)
high (hypertonic solution/low H2O volume)

35
Q

Describe these different solutions involved in passive processes:
Isotonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution

A

Isotonic solution: solution has same # of particles; cell does not change size

Hypotonic solution: solution has less particles than the cell; H2O enters cell -> swells

Hypertonic solution: solution has more particles than the cell; H2O leaves cell -> shrinks

36
Q

Describe Cytoplasm (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition

A

Location
- (substance) inside plasma membrane

Characteristics
- No organelles present, except ribosome

Composition
- 80% water plus proteins, ions, carbs, lipids

Function(s)
N/A

Types/Examples
N/A

37
Q

Describe Nucleoid (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, function

A

Location
- inside cell

Characteristics
- “Nucleus like” region (BUT NOT A NUCLEUS)
- NOT surrounded by nuclear membrane

Composition
- N/A

Function(s)
- Contains bacterial chromosomes
- Bacterial chromosomes in nucleoid: supercouilded/compacted circular thread of DNA that contains cell genetic information

Types/Examples
N/A

38
Q

Describe Ribosomes (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, composition, function

A

Location
- inside cell

Characteristics
- Called 70S ribosome (in euk. called 80S ribosome)

Composition
- Two subunits: large and small subunit

Function(s)
- Site of protein synthesis

Types/Examples
N/A

39
Q

Describe Plasmids (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, function

A

Location
- inside cell

Characteristics
- are small, circular extra genetic material
- information from plasmid can be sent to another cell

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Carry non-crucial genes that play role in adaptability and survival
(ex: genes for antibiotic resistance and production of toxins)

Types/Examples
N/A

40
Q

Describe Inclusion Bodies/Reserve Deposits (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, function, types/examples

A

Location
- inside cell

Characteristics
N/A

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Structures that store reserve materials in cytoplasm

Types/Examples

  • Metachromatic granules: phosphate reserves
  • Carboxysomes: enzyme reserves involed in photosynthesis
  • Polysaccharide granules: energy reserves of glycogen and starch (carbs)
  • Lipid inclusions: energy reserves of fat
41
Q

Describe Endospores (in Prokaryotes)

Include: Location, characteristics, function

A

Location
- formed inside cell

Characteristics
- specialized resting form of cells; seen only in few bacteria (produced by Genus Bacillus and Genus Clostridium = called spore-formers)
- resistant to chemicals, dessication (drying), heat, and radiation

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Endospore produced when nutrients get depleted = for survival
- Contains (bacterial cells) genetic material/DNA

Types/Examples
N/A

42
Q

Define Sporulation and Germination

When does this occur?

Describe the whole process

A

Sporulation: endospore formation (resting cell state)

Occurs if there is low nutrients

A part of the nucleoid containing DNA (from the active cell) will be taken. Formation of endospore occurs and DNA stored inside it. Cell is no longer active and is at its resting/dormant state

Germination: endospore returns to active cell state

Occurs if high in nutrients

Once conditions become favorable, germination occurs and it now becomes an active cell and releases the (exo)spore

43
Q

Compare and contrast an overview of prokaryotic cells vs. eukaryotic cells

Include: # chromosomes, organells, ribosomes, cell wall components, unicellular/multicellular, and how they divide

A

Prokaryote (bacteria):
- one, circular chromosome (NOT IN MEMBRANE)
- no organelles
- 70S ribosomes
- Peptidoglycan in cell walls
- Unicellular
- Divide by binary fission (asexual reproduction)

Eukaryote:
- paired chronomes in nuclear membrane (nucleus)
- membrane-bound organelles
- 80S ribosomes
- Polysachharide in cell walls (if cw present)
- Unicellular & multicellular
- Divide by mitosis

44
Q

Describe Cell Wall (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Location, composition, function

A

Location
- Found in: plants, algae (Kingdom Protista), and fungi

Characteristics
N/A

Composition
- Carbs: Polysaccharides; cellulose (plants); chitin (fungi)

Function(s)
- Structure and protection of cell

Types/Examples
N/A

45
Q

Describe Cell Membrane (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Characteristics, function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
- Has sterols bound to CM
- Has carbs for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Capable of endocytosis: phagocytosis (engulf particles) and pinocytosis (engulf fluids/dissolved substances)

Types/Examples
N/A

46
Q

Describe Ribosomes (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Characteristics, function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
- Called 80S ribosomes in Euk. cells

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Site of protein synthesis

Types/Examples
N/A

47
Q

Describe Nucleus (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Characteristics, function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
- Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Contains cells DNA

Types/Examples
N/A

48
Q

Describe Endoplasmic Reticulum (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Characteristics, function, types/examples

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
- Folded transport network

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Rough ER: ribosomes; site protein synthesis
- Smooth ER: no ribosomes; site CM, fat, and hormone synthesis

Types/Examples
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER

49
Q

Describe Golgi Complex (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
N/A

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from ER

Types/Examples
N/A

50
Q

Describe Lysosomes (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Characteristics, Function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
- vesciles (formed by golgi complex)

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- contains digestive enzymes

Types/Examples
N/A

51
Q

Describe Vacuoles (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Characteristics, Function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
- cavities in cell (formed by golgi complex)

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- brings food into cells
- provide storage

Types/Examples
N/A

52
Q

Describe Mitochondria (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Characteristics, Function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
- double membrane
- contains inner folds (cristae) and fluid (matrix)

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- Involved in cellular respiration (ATP production)

Types/Examples
N/A

53
Q

Describe Chloroplast (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Location, Function

A

Location
- In plant cells

Characteristics
N/A

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- location of photosynthesis
- contains flattened membranes containing chlorophyll pigment

Types/Examples
N/A

54
Q

Describe Centrosomes (in Eukaryotes)

Include: Function

A

Location
N/A

Characteristics
N/A

Composition
N/A

Function(s)
- form mitotic spindle
- critical role in cell division

Types/Examples
N/A

BIO 220 [Exam #1] (6 decks)

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