Ch. 2 - Chemical Principles Flashcards
Compare and contrast inorganic compound vs organic compound.
Provide examples
inorganic compounds
- small, simple molecules which usually lack carbon
- ex: H2O, O2, salts, acids, bases
organic compounds
- large, structurally complex that always contain carbon
- held together by covalent bonds
What are the four most common elements in organic compounds?
CHON
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
Organic compounds usually contain a ____ of ______ atoms which make up the ________ _______
chain
carbon
carbon skeleton
What is a functional group?
group of atoms that can bind to the carbon skeleton, and by adding different functional groups, different kinds of organic compounds can be formed
Name the different functional groups
hydroxl group (OH): alcohol
animo group (NH2): proteins
carboxyl group (COOH): acid
phosphate group (PO4): ATP; DNA
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis.
Dehydration Synthesis
- builds up molecules (makes covalent bonds) where several small monomers combine to form one large polymer and H2O is released
Hydrolysis
- input H2O to breakdown molecules (break covalent bonds) where one large polymer breaks down to form several small monomers
What are the four major organic compounds?
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
Name the “building blocks” for each of the 4 organic compounds.
Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Proteins - Amino Acids
Lipids - Triglycerides
Nucleic acid - nucleotides
What are carbohydrates AKA?
What element(s) make up carbohydrates?
What are the subunits/building blocks of carbohydrates?
Name other general characteristics of carbohydrates
AKA “carbs” “sugar”
made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
monosaccharides
usually end in -ose
classifies into 3 major groups based on size: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Describe monosaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)
- simple sugar; 3-7 carbon atoms (in one monosaccharide)
- sweet, water-soluble
- are the building blocks for large, complex carbohydrates
- quick energy source for living cells (ex: glucose for humans)
- ex: glucose, deoxyribose, fructose
Describe disaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)
- made when 2 monosaccharides form a covalent bond (glycosidic bond) via dehydration synthesis
- structural component to bacterial cell walls
- ex: sucrose, lactose
What type of bond is involved with carbohydrates?
glycosidic bond (covalent bond)
Describe polysaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)
- consists of tens/hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides joined together (glycosidic bond) via dehydration synthesis
- provide long-term energy source and is the structural component for plant cell walls
- ex: starch (sugar storage in plants)
glycogen (sugar storage in animals)
cellulose (in cell walls; “fiber”)
Name polymers of glucose
starch
glycogen
cellulose
What element(s) make up proteins?
What is the main function of proteins?
Name other general characteristics of carbohydrates
CHON and sometimes S (sulfur)
essential to cell structure and function
structurally and functionally the most diverse among the organic compounds (has many proteins w different shapes)
Name some examples of proteins and their function
BEATS
- bacterial toxins: made by some bacteria
- enzymes: speed up chem rxn
- antibodies: inv in immune response
- transporter proteins: protein ch. and carrier in cell membrane
- structural protein: (keratin protein) reinforce skin/protection
Protein _______ determines the protein ________!
structure
function
What is the building block of an antibody?
amino acids
(bc antibodies are proteins, and the building block of proteins are AA)
What are the subunits/building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
There are a total of ____ amino acids
20
Describe the parts of an amino acid
contain a central carbon (makes 4 bonds) that is attached to:
- amino group (NH2, protein)
- carboxyl group (COOH, acid)
- hydrogen
- side group (R group): vary
What type of covalent bond is formed in proteins?
peptide bond
Two amino acids are linked together by a covalent bond called a ________ _________ via __________ _________ by removing a(n) _______ (_____ group) from one AA and a(n) _____(____group) from the other AA
peptide bond
dehydration synthesis
OH (carboxyl group)
H (amino group)
What happens during denaturation?
What are some examples of things that can cause denaturation?
protein structure can undergo denaturation which is when a protein loses/changes its shape/structure, causing it to lose/change its function; denaturation may be permanent
- harsh environments like high temperatures, low pH
