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BIO 220 [Exam #1] > Ch. 2 - Chemical Principles > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Chemical Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Compare and contrast inorganic compound vs organic compound.
Provide examples

A

inorganic compounds

  • small, simple molecules which usually lack carbon
  • ex: H2O, O2, salts, acids, bases

organic compounds

  • large, structurally complex that always contain carbon
  • held together by covalent bonds
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2
Q

What are the four most common elements in organic compounds?

A

CHON

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
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3
Q

Organic compounds usually contain a ____ of ______ atoms which make up the ________ _______

A

chain
carbon
carbon skeleton

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4
Q

What is a functional group?

A

group of atoms that can bind to the carbon skeleton, and by adding different functional groups, different kinds of organic compounds can be formed

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5
Q

Name the different functional groups

A

hydroxl group (OH): alcohol
animo group (NH2): proteins
carboxyl group (COOH): acid
phosphate group (PO4): ATP; DNA

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6
Q

Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis.

A

Dehydration Synthesis
- builds up molecules (makes covalent bonds) where several small monomers combine to form one large polymer and H2O is released

Hydrolysis
- input H2O to breakdown molecules (break covalent bonds) where one large polymer breaks down to form several small monomers

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7
Q

What are the four major organic compounds?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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8
Q

Name the “building blocks” for each of the 4 organic compounds.

A

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides

Proteins - Amino Acids

Lipids - Triglycerides

Nucleic acid - nucleotides

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9
Q

What are carbohydrates AKA?

What element(s) make up carbohydrates?

What are the subunits/building blocks of carbohydrates?

Name other general characteristics of carbohydrates

A

AKA “carbs” “sugar”

made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

monosaccharides

usually end in -ose

classifies into 3 major groups based on size: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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10
Q

Describe monosaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)

A
  • simple sugar; 3-7 carbon atoms (in one monosaccharide)
  • sweet, water-soluble
  • are the building blocks for large, complex carbohydrates
  • quick energy source for living cells (ex: glucose for humans)
  • ex: glucose, deoxyribose, fructose
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11
Q

Describe disaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)

A
  • made when 2 monosaccharides form a covalent bond (glycosidic bond) via dehydration synthesis
  • structural component to bacterial cell walls
  • ex: sucrose, lactose
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12
Q

What type of bond is involved with carbohydrates?

A

glycosidic bond (covalent bond)

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13
Q

Describe polysaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)

A
  • consists of tens/hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides joined together (glycosidic bond) via dehydration synthesis
  • provide long-term energy source and is the structural component for plant cell walls
  • ex: starch (sugar storage in plants)
    glycogen (sugar storage in animals)
    cellulose (in cell walls; “fiber”)
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14
Q

Name polymers of glucose

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

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15
Q

What element(s) make up proteins?

What is the main function of proteins?

Name other general characteristics of carbohydrates

A

CHON and sometimes S (sulfur)

essential to cell structure and function

structurally and functionally the most diverse among the organic compounds (has many proteins w different shapes)

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16
Q

Name some examples of proteins and their function

A

BEATS

  • bacterial toxins: made by some bacteria
  • enzymes: speed up chem rxn
  • antibodies: inv in immune response
  • transporter proteins: protein ch. and carrier in cell membrane
  • structural protein: (keratin protein) reinforce skin/protection
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17
Q

Protein _______ determines the protein ________!

A

structure
function

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18
Q

What is the building block of an antibody?

A

amino acids

(bc antibodies are proteins, and the building block of proteins are AA)

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19
Q

What are the subunits/building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

20
Q

There are a total of ____ amino acids

A

20

21
Q

Describe the parts of an amino acid

A

contain a central carbon (makes 4 bonds) that is attached to:

  • amino group (NH2, protein)
  • carboxyl group (COOH, acid)
  • hydrogen
  • side group (R group): vary
22
Q

What type of covalent bond is formed in proteins?

A

peptide bond

23
Q

Two amino acids are linked together by a covalent bond called a ________ _________ via __________ _________ by removing a(n) _______ (_____ group) from one AA and a(n) _____(____group) from the other AA

A

peptide bond
dehydration synthesis

OH (carboxyl group)
H (amino group)

24
Q

What happens during denaturation?

What are some examples of things that can cause denaturation?

A

protein structure can undergo denaturation which is when a protein loses/changes its shape/structure, causing it to lose/change its function; denaturation may be permanent

  • harsh environments like high temperatures, low pH
25
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

primary (1°) structure (simplest)

secondary (2°) structure

tertiary (3°) structure

quaternary (4°) structure (complex)

26
Q

Describe the composition of the primary protein structure

A

linear AA sequence forming a polypeptide chain/structure

27
Q

Describe the composition of the secondary protein structure

A

AA chain folds/coils due to H bonds between non-adjacent AA, resulting in a helix or pleated sheet

helix = hair protein
pleated = skin protein

28
Q

Describe the composition of the tertiary protein structure

A

helix/pleated sheet folds irregularly, forming hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges (S-S) between AA in the chain

= created complex 3D shape

29
Q

Describe the composition of the quaternary protein structure

A

consists of two or more polypeptides (long chains of AA) bound to each other

ex:
hemoglobin: 4 subunits/polypeptides (round in RBC, carry O2; complex)
antibodies
enzymes

30
Q

What element(s) make up lipids?

What is the main function of lipids?

Name other general characteristics of lipids

A

C, H, O

made up of triglycerides

primary component of cell membranes (ex: phospholipid bilayer)

different classes of lipids:
simple lipids (2 types)
complex lipids
steroids and sterols

31
Q

What are simple lipids known as?

A

fats (triglycerides)

32
Q

Describe the composition of the simple lipids (triglycerides)

A

triglycerides contain 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids chains, linked together by covalent bond called an ESTER BOND via dehyration synthesis

33
Q

What are the two different types of simple lipids?

Compare and Contrast them

A

BOTH
alternative source of energy when carbs are not available

Saturated FA

  • consists of only single bonds in FA chain (between C)

Unsaturated FA

  • consists of one or more double bounds in FA chain
34
Q

Describe the composition of the complex lipids

A

cell membranes are made of complex lipids, called phospholipids

phospholipids contain:
1 glycerol
1 phosphate group
2 fatty acid chains

phospholipids have polar/charged regions (head) and non polar/uncharged regions (FA tail)

35
Q

What is the function of complex lipids?

Provide examples

A

structural components: form phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

regulation of transport: controls what enters and leave cell to maintain homeostasis

ex:

  • waxes
  • glycolipids (lipids w carbohydrates attached to them)
  • mycolic acid: waxy lipid material present in cell wall of bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes tuberculosis)
36
Q

Describe the composition of the steroids and sterols (lipid)

A

steroid: forms when three 6-carbon rings attach to one 5-carbon ring

sterol: when an “-OH” (hydroxyl) group attaches to one of the 6-carbon rings

37
Q

What is the function of steroids and sterols?

Provide some examples

A
  • structural component of cell membranes of eukaryotic cells (non-bacteria)
  • phytosterol: sterol in plant cell mem.
  • ergosterol: sterol in fungi cell mem.
  • cholesterol: sterol in animal cell mem.

ex of steroids:
- cholesterol
- hormones
- some vitamins

38
Q

What element(s) make up nucleic acids?

Describe the composition of nucleic acids

A

C, H, O, N

made up of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bond (covalent bond) via DS

ex:
DNA
RNA
ATP

39
Q

Name the type of bond for each organic compound

A

carbohydrates: glycosidic bond
proteins: peptide bonds
lipids: ester bond
nucleic acid: phosphodiester bond

ARE ALL COVALENT BONDS

40
Q

Nucleotides consist of…

A
  • sugar (5-carbon pentose sugar)
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base (that comes from either Purine or Pyrimidine family)
41
Q

Name what bases are a part of the Purine family and Pyrimidine family

A

Purine: A, G

Pyrimidine: C, U, T

42
Q

What organic compound is DNA, RNA, and ATP a part of?

Compare and contrast DNA from RNA (include structure, composition, base pairing, and function)

A

nucleic acids

DNA

  • double-stranded (double helix)
  • sugar-phosphate backbone
  • A-T and C-G base pair through hydrogen bonds (ATGC)
  • FUNCTION: stores genetic info

RNA
- single-stranded
- sugar-phosphate backbone
- NO base pairing (contains U instead of T; AUGC)
- 3 kinds of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
- FUNCTION: protein synthesis

43
Q

What is ATP? (what does it stand for)

Describe the composition of ATP

What is unique about ATP?

A

nucleic acid (single nucleotide): adenosine triphosphate

adenosine (adenine and ribose) is attached to 3 phosphate groups

HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND

44
Q

ATP is a nucleic acid but remains a(n) _____________ ___________

A

single nucleotide

45
Q

Why is ATP a high energy compound

A

there is high chemical energy stored in the bonds connecting phosphate groups (will get released through hydrolysis/breaking of bonds)

BIO 220 [Exam #1] (6 decks)

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