Ch. 2 - Chemical Principles Flashcards
Compare and contrast inorganic compound vs organic compound.
Provide examples
inorganic compounds
- small, simple molecules which usually lack carbon
- ex: H2O, O2, salts, acids, bases
organic compounds
- large, structurally complex that always contain carbon
- held together by covalent bonds
What are the four most common elements in organic compounds?
CHON
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
Organic compounds usually contain a ____ of ______ atoms which make up the ________ _______
chain
carbon
carbon skeleton
What is a functional group?
group of atoms that can bind to the carbon skeleton, and by adding different functional groups, different kinds of organic compounds can be formed
Name the different functional groups
hydroxl group (OH): alcohol
animo group (NH2): proteins
carboxyl group (COOH): acid
phosphate group (PO4): ATP; DNA
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis.
Dehydration Synthesis
- builds up molecules (makes covalent bonds) where several small monomers combine to form one large polymer and H2O is released
Hydrolysis
- input H2O to breakdown molecules (break covalent bonds) where one large polymer breaks down to form several small monomers
What are the four major organic compounds?
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
Name the “building blocks” for each of the 4 organic compounds.
Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Proteins - Amino Acids
Lipids - Triglycerides
Nucleic acid - nucleotides
What are carbohydrates AKA?
What element(s) make up carbohydrates?
What are the subunits/building blocks of carbohydrates?
Name other general characteristics of carbohydrates
AKA “carbs” “sugar”
made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
monosaccharides
usually end in -ose
classifies into 3 major groups based on size: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Describe monosaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)
- simple sugar; 3-7 carbon atoms (in one monosaccharide)
- sweet, water-soluble
- are the building blocks for large, complex carbohydrates
- quick energy source for living cells (ex: glucose for humans)
- ex: glucose, deoxyribose, fructose
Describe disaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)
- made when 2 monosaccharides form a covalent bond (glycosidic bond) via dehydration synthesis
- structural component to bacterial cell walls
- ex: sucrose, lactose
What type of bond is involved with carbohydrates?
glycosidic bond (covalent bond)
Describe polysaccharides
(include description/characteristics, function, and examples)
- consists of tens/hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides joined together (glycosidic bond) via dehydration synthesis
- provide long-term energy source and is the structural component for plant cell walls
- ex: starch (sugar storage in plants)
glycogen (sugar storage in animals)
cellulose (in cell walls; “fiber”)
Name polymers of glucose
starch
glycogen
cellulose
What element(s) make up proteins?
What is the main function of proteins?
Name other general characteristics of carbohydrates
CHON and sometimes S (sulfur)
essential to cell structure and function
structurally and functionally the most diverse among the organic compounds (has many proteins w different shapes)
Name some examples of proteins and their function
BEATS
- bacterial toxins: made by some bacteria
- enzymes: speed up chem rxn
- antibodies: inv in immune response
- transporter proteins: protein ch. and carrier in cell membrane
- structural protein: (keratin protein) reinforce skin/protection
Protein _______ determines the protein ________!
structure
function
What is the building block of an antibody?
amino acids
(bc antibodies are proteins, and the building block of proteins are AA)
What are the subunits/building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
There are a total of ____ amino acids
20
Describe the parts of an amino acid
contain a central carbon (makes 4 bonds) that is attached to:
- amino group (NH2, protein)
- carboxyl group (COOH, acid)
- hydrogen
- side group (R group): vary
What type of covalent bond is formed in proteins?
peptide bond
Two amino acids are linked together by a covalent bond called a ________ _________ via __________ _________ by removing a(n) _______ (_____ group) from one AA and a(n) _____(____group) from the other AA
peptide bond
dehydration synthesis
OH (carboxyl group)
H (amino group)
What happens during denaturation?
What are some examples of things that can cause denaturation?
protein structure can undergo denaturation which is when a protein loses/changes its shape/structure, causing it to lose/change its function; denaturation may be permanent
- harsh environments like high temperatures, low pH
What are the four levels of protein structure?
primary (1°) structure (simplest)
secondary (2°) structure
tertiary (3°) structure
quaternary (4°) structure (complex)
Describe the composition of the primary protein structure
linear AA sequence forming a polypeptide chain/structure
Describe the composition of the secondary protein structure
AA chain folds/coils due to H bonds between non-adjacent AA, resulting in a helix or pleated sheet
helix = hair protein
pleated = skin protein
Describe the composition of the tertiary protein structure
helix/pleated sheet folds irregularly, forming hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges (S-S) between AA in the chain
= created complex 3D shape
Describe the composition of the quaternary protein structure
consists of two or more polypeptides (long chains of AA) bound to each other
ex:
hemoglobin: 4 subunits/polypeptides (round in RBC, carry O2; complex)
antibodies
enzymes
What element(s) make up lipids?
What is the main function of lipids?
Name other general characteristics of lipids
C, H, O
made up of triglycerides
primary component of cell membranes (ex: phospholipid bilayer)
different classes of lipids:
simple lipids (2 types)
complex lipids
steroids and sterols
What are simple lipids known as?
fats (triglycerides)
Describe the composition of the simple lipids (triglycerides)
triglycerides contain 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids chains, linked together by covalent bond called an ESTER BOND via dehyration synthesis
What are the two different types of simple lipids?
Compare and Contrast them
BOTH
alternative source of energy when carbs are not available
Saturated FA
- consists of only single bonds in FA chain (between C)
Unsaturated FA
- consists of one or more double bounds in FA chain
Describe the composition of the complex lipids
cell membranes are made of complex lipids, called phospholipids
phospholipids contain:
1 glycerol
1 phosphate group
2 fatty acid chains
phospholipids have polar/charged regions (head) and non polar/uncharged regions (FA tail)
What is the function of complex lipids?
Provide examples
structural components: form phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
regulation of transport: controls what enters and leave cell to maintain homeostasis
ex:
- waxes
- glycolipids (lipids w carbohydrates attached to them)
- mycolic acid: waxy lipid material present in cell wall of bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes tuberculosis)
Describe the composition of the steroids and sterols (lipid)
steroid: forms when three 6-carbon rings attach to one 5-carbon ring
sterol: when an “-OH” (hydroxyl) group attaches to one of the 6-carbon rings
What is the function of steroids and sterols?
Provide some examples
- structural component of cell membranes of eukaryotic cells (non-bacteria)
- phytosterol: sterol in plant cell mem.
- ergosterol: sterol in fungi cell mem.
- cholesterol: sterol in animal cell mem.
ex of steroids:
- cholesterol
- hormones
- some vitamins
What element(s) make up nucleic acids?
Describe the composition of nucleic acids
C, H, O, N
made up of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bond (covalent bond) via DS
ex:
DNA
RNA
ATP
Name the type of bond for each organic compound
carbohydrates: glycosidic bond
proteins: peptide bonds
lipids: ester bond
nucleic acid: phosphodiester bond
ARE ALL COVALENT BONDS
Nucleotides consist of…
- sugar (5-carbon pentose sugar)
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base (that comes from either Purine or Pyrimidine family)
Name what bases are a part of the Purine family and Pyrimidine family
Purine: A, G
Pyrimidine: C, U, T
What organic compound is DNA, RNA, and ATP a part of?
Compare and contrast DNA from RNA (include structure, composition, base pairing, and function)
nucleic acids
DNA
- double-stranded (double helix)
- sugar-phosphate backbone
- A-T and C-G base pair through hydrogen bonds (ATGC)
- FUNCTION: stores genetic info
RNA
- single-stranded
- sugar-phosphate backbone
- NO base pairing (contains U instead of T; AUGC)
- 3 kinds of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
- FUNCTION: protein synthesis
What is ATP? (what does it stand for)
Describe the composition of ATP
What is unique about ATP?
nucleic acid (single nucleotide): adenosine triphosphate
adenosine (adenine and ribose) is attached to 3 phosphate groups
HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
ATP is a nucleic acid but remains a(n) _____________ ___________
single nucleotide
Why is ATP a high energy compound
there is high chemical energy stored in the bonds connecting phosphate groups (will get released through hydrolysis/breaking of bonds)
