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BIO 220 [Exam #1] > Ch. 10 - Classification of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Ch. 10 - Classification of Microorganisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need to classify living things?

A

helps in the quick identification of microbes

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2
Q

List key advantages of classification of microbes

A

identification of microbes is useful for:

diagnosis (naming of DZ)

treatment (has to be specific for what you have)

prevention (form of education/vaccines)

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3
Q

Classification is accomplished through _____________

A

taxonomy

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4
Q

Define taxonomy

A

science of classification

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5
Q

Define taxon/taxa

A

class/group/category of something that get organized in some rank order

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6
Q

Define taxonomist

A

scientist who studies classification (taxonomy)

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7
Q

Define phylogeny

A

shows evolutionary relationship between organisms in a group
(shown by evolutionary trees to see similarities and differences)

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8
Q

There are ____ taxa that are ranked in order from the ________ taxon to the ________ taxon

A

8
largest
smallest

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9
Q

List the 2 most inclusive taxa and the 2 least inclusive taxa.

A

Most inclusive: Domain & Kingdom

Least inclusive: Genus & Species

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10
Q

What is the binomial nomenclature system?

Provide an example of a binomial name for an organism.

A

is a 2 part naming system for living organisms, containing a Genus (uppercase) name followed by a Species name (lowercase)

E. coli, H. Pylori = bacteria

Penicillium chrysogenum = fungus (mold)

Homo sapiens = human

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11
Q

The Three Domain System, a type of biological classification system, was developed in _________

A

1990

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12
Q

What are the three domains of living organisms?

What cell type is found in which domain?

A

Domain Archaea - Prok. cells
Domain Bacteria - Prok. cells

Domain Eukarya - Euka. cells

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13
Q

Each Domain consists of ________. Domains are based on ________ ________: __________ vs. __________

A

Kingdom(s)

cell-type

prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

What are the five Kingdoms of living organisms?

Which Domain do they come from?

A

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

  • Kingdom Monera

Domain Eurkarya

  • Kingdom Protista
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Plantae
  • Kingdom Animalia
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15
Q

What is the origin of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

all cells come from a common ancestor cell called LUCA (last universal common ancestor)

LUCA eventually evolved into 3 different cell groups (but 2 different cell types) called the 3 Domains

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16
Q

If all members of Kingdom Monera belong to Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria, then how can you distinguish between members of these two Domains? (What is the difference between Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria)

A
  • cell wall differences
  • habitat
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17
Q

Compare the similarities and differences between Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

A

Similarities:
- all prokaryotes = bacteria
- contain all members of Kingdom Monera

Differences:

Domain Archaea:
- unusual cell walls; no peptidoglycan (sugar w protein) in cw
- live in extreme habitats
- ex: thermophiles = like hot temp: hot spring/volcano
- halophiles: like salt: ocean/skin
- methanogens: like and able to produce methane gas

Domain Bacteria
- cell wall has peptidoglycan (gives structure + support to cw)
- live in normal habitats

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18
Q

Describe Kingdom Monera

(cell type, # of cells, applicable misc., example)

A
  • prokaryotes
  • unicellular
  • ex: bacterium (E. coli)
19
Q

Describe Kingdom Protista

(cell type, # of cells, applicable misc., example)

A
  • eukaryote (simplest)
  • unicellular (mostly)
  • ex: amoeba
20
Q

Which Kingdom contains that simplest eukaryote?

A

Kingdom Protista

21
Q

Describe Kingdom Fungi

(cell type, # of cells, applicable misc., example)

A
  • eukaryote
  • some unicellular and some multicellular
  • ex: fungus: yeast (unicellular) and mold (multicellular)
22
Q

Describe Kingdom Plantae

(cell type, # of cells, applicable misc., example)

A
  • eukaryotes
  • multicellular
  • autotrophs (self-feeders)
  • cell wall
  • ex: plant: giant redwood
23
Q

Describe Kingdom Animalia

(cell type, # of cells, applicable misc., example)

A
  • eukaryote
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophs
  • complex
  • ex: animal: large roundworm; common house fly
24
Q

How to autotrophs and heterotrophs differ?

A

Autotrophs:

  • organisms that can produce their own food (self-feeders)
  • 2 types: photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs
  • ex: plant, algae

Heterotrophs

  • organisms that rely on consuming other organisms
  • 2 types: photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs
  • ex: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, humans

NOTE:

photo- : E from sunlight is used to make food

chemo- : E from chemicals to make food

25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: A Subspecies is the lowest taxon.

A

False, Species is the lowest taxon because subspecies is not considered a taxon

26
Q

A Species is the lowest taxon that can be divided into the ___________ species (_______) and the ___________ species (_________)

A

prokaryotic
bacteria

eukaryotic
non-bacteria

27
Q

Describe the Eukaryotic Species

Include examples

A

groups of organisms that differ from each other but yet are closely related to each other genetically

several related species form a Genus

ex: Homo sapiens, Homo erectus

28
Q

Describe the Prokaryotic Species

Include examples

A

population of bacterial cells with similar characteristics (bc from same Genus)

ex: Streptococcus species
Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes

29
Q

Define clones

A

population of bacteria cells derived from a single parent cells; all are genetically identical

30
Q

Define a subspecies/strain/serovar

A

members of a clone (species) are NOT genetically identical anymore bc clones genetically diverged over time through genetic mutation (DNA changes)

31
Q

How are subspecies/strain/serovar identified?

Give an example

A

identified by numbers, letters that follow the species name

ex: E. coli O157:H7
Influenza A Virus H1N5

32
Q

What is so unique about viruses? (hint: something to do with cells)

A

viruses are not a cell/acellular (nonliving); neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

lack cell membrane and cytoplasm (bc is acellular, obviously)

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: All viruses are pathogenic

A

True

34
Q

Describe the unique classification of viruses.

A

classified by:
Family (highest taxon)
- family name ends in -viridae
- ex: herpesviridae; retroviridae, coronoaviridae

Genus

Species

35
Q

Viruses can also have viral subspecies/strains. Name a few examples

A

strains of Influenza A virus:
- H1N1 (Swine Flu) - pig flu
- H1N5 (Avian Flu) - bird flu

36
Q

Describe what the term “obligate intracellular parasite” means in terms of a virus

A

the virus must enter the host cell in order to multiply and cause harm to the host

37
Q

What is a common cause for the development of subspecies/strains?

A

genetic changes/DNA mutations over time in a clone (species)

38
Q

Name the methods of classifying and identifying microbes (hint: there are 6)

A

PTSDMB

  • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
  • Textbooks/manuals
  • Serology
  • Differential Staining
  • Morphological Characterisics
  • Biochemical tests
39
Q

Describe this method of classifying and identifying microbes: Morphological characteristics

A

use microscope to look at shape, arrangement, and size of bacteria
(ex: structure of bacteria)

40
Q

Describe this method of classifying and identifying microbes: Differential Staining

A

gram-staining of the bacterial cell wall (w dyes) to see its chemical composition (amount of peptidoglycan)

ex: gram-positive bacteria will stain violet, while gram-negative bacteria stain pink/red

41
Q

Describe this method of classifying and identifying microbes:
Biochemical Tests

A

perform a series of tests using pairs of questions with “yes or no” answers to determine metabolic characteristics of bacteria

ex: can an unknown bacteria breakdown glucose? Yes or No

42
Q

Describe this method of classifying and identifying microbes: Serology

A

serological testing (blood serum) helps differentiate amoung strains within a species by analyzed DNA sequence of microorganism

ex: pathogenic E. coli (strain; E.coliO157:H7) vs non-pathogenic E.coli (not strain; normal microbiota)

43
Q

Describe this method of classifying and identifying microbes: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A

is a method used to make many copies of a specific DNA segment from a single copy of a DNA sequence

ex: more DNA = more tests you can perform

44
Q

Describe this method of classifying and identifying microbes: Textbook/manuals

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (aka “Bible” of Bact.) provides systematic schemes for identifying unknown bacteria

BIO 220 [Exam #1] (6 decks)

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