Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Biology > Ch. 4 Content of the Genome (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Content of the Genome (Exam 1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genome.

A

Entire DNA content of cell and all genes in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define gene.

A

Short section of DNA acting as instructions to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why can’t genes solely be defined as DNA sequences that encode a polypeptide (HINT: 2 reasons, RNA, polypeptides)?

A

1) Many genes encode multiple polypeptides
2) Many genes encode RNAs that serve other functions (aside from mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Seeing that the gene is transcribed into a functional RNA molecule, the gene is a unit of…

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what are the 4 stages that genes can be categorized?

A

1) Genome
2) Transcriptome
3) Proteome
4) Interactome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define transcriptome.

A

The full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define proteome.

A

Complete set of polypeptides encoded by whole genome or produced in particular cell or tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structures in the transcriptome should the proteome correspond to?

A

The mRNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define interactome.

A

Protein-protein interactions in a multiprotein or multimolecular complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do open reading frames (ORFs) help maximize the number of polypeptide-encoding genes in the genome?

A

By seeing that genes are present and functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the best way to determine if a gene is essential or not?

A

By examining the phenotypic effect of a null mutation on that gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aside from the null mutation method, what is another way of determining if a gene is essential?

A

Looking for redundant genes that will serve as a backup to the OG to produce the associated protein in the absence of the OG gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In what 2 ways is sequencing DNA of the genome helpful?

A

1) Helps us ID genes
2) Indicates distance between said genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What result did the human genome project find regarding the existence of alleles?

A

There are multiple alleles for one gene, and each has a different phenotypic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define polymorphism.

A

Coexistence of multiple alleles in a population locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common polymorphism?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define single nucleotide polymorphism.

A

Genetic variation in a single nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define nonrepetitive DNA.

A

Unique sequences with only one copy in a haploid genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define repetitive DNA.

A

Sequences present in more than one copy in each haploid genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define moderately repetitive DNA.

A

Relatively short repeating DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define highly repetitive DNA.

A

Very, very short repeating DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a better indication of coding potential than genome size?

A

The amount of nonrepetitive DNA seeing that mRNA is transcribed from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do highly repetitive sequences reanneal so quickly compared to nonrepetitive, single-copy sequences?

A

Because so many copies exist, and they are not very complex compared to single-copy sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of genomic sequence do prokaryotes almost exclusively contain?

A

Nonrepetitive DNA

25
Q

In animal cells, up to half of all DNA is represented by what 2 genomic sub-sequences?

A

Moderately and highly repetitive sequences

26
Q

Where can most of the eukaryotic genome be found?

A

In the nucleus

27
Q

What will highly repetitive sequences typically be repeated as?

A

Tandem repeats

28
Q

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genomes with functional genes. What type of inheritance is this indicative of?

A

Non-Mendelian inheritance

29
Q

Define non-Mendelian inheritance.

A

Failure of offspring to display Mendelian segregation for parental traits, indicating that genes outside the nucleus aren’t distributed to gametes

30
Q

What is the shape of most organelle genomes?

A

Circular

31
Q

Why are organelle genomes considered to be repetitive sequences?

A

Because there are several copies of the genome in the organelle itself, and there are multiple organelles per cell

32
Q

Does the relative amount of protein-coding genes in mitochondria correlate to the genome size?

A

No. The total number of protein-coding genes is quite small and does not correlate

33
Q

Some proteins found in mitochondria are coded by the mitochondria itself, but others are coded in the…

A

Nucleus

34
Q

How are mitochondrial proteins that are coded by the nucleus get to the mitochondria (HINT: 2 parts)?

A

They are first synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported into the organelle

35
Q

If the cell has mechanisms for transporting proteins into mitochondria and chloroplasts, then why not have all the organelle proteins specified by the nuclear genome?

A

Some organelle proteins are so hydrophobic that they cannot pass through the organelle membranes, so they are made in-house

36
Q

What is the explanation for why mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own genetic information?

A

Endosymbiotic theory

37
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria hail from…

A

A bacterium that was captured within a eukaryotic cell

38
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory, what do chloroplasts hail from?

A

Cyanobacteria

39
Q

What are the 2 main impacts that endosymbiosis had on mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

1) These organelles have lost many gene functions necessary for independent living
2) Many genes encoding organelle functions were transferred to the nucleus

40
Q

What is the bare minimum amount of genes needed for a cell to be functional?

A

At least 500

41
Q

In prokaryotic genomes, the genome size directly correlates to the…

A

Number of genes present

42
Q

Describe the correlation between genome size and gene number in eukaryotic genomes compared to prokaryotic genomes.

A

Much weaker than in prokaryotes. Bigger genome does not mean more genes.

43
Q

Define plasmid.

A

An independent, smaller, circular DNA molecule carrying additional genes

44
Q

In what two ways are plasmids advantageous to prokaryotes?

A

1) Antibiotic resistance
2) Use of toluene as a carbon source

45
Q

What is meant when we say that plasmids are indispensable?

A

Prokaryotes can still exist without them, but survival and reproduction are more difficult

46
Q

What do we mean when we say that plasmids are copied independently?

A

Every plasmid has its own origin of replication

47
Q

Why is it important that each plasmid has its own origin of replication?

A

To ensure that the plasmids get replicated and copied by the host bacterium

48
Q

Why are there no introns in the genes of prokaryotic organisms?

A

Because they are comprised almost exclusively of nonrepetitive DNA sequences

49
Q

In the eukaryotic genome, where are the linear DNA molecules contained?

A

Chromosomes within the nucleus

50
Q

In eukaryotic organisms, where will you find the small, circular genome?

A

Mitochondria

51
Q

In eukaryotic genomes, the genome size broadly coincides with…

A

Organism complexity

52
Q

Why is the genetic organization of the yeast genome more economical than it is in higher eukaryotes?

A

Yeast genes are packed much more closely, which saves space, and allows for the genome to accommodate many genes

53
Q

What do larger genomes tend to have high copy numbers of?

A

Repeated sequences

54
Q

How much of the human genome consists of exons (HINT: percentage)?

A

1%

55
Q

What percentage of the human genome do repeated sequences account for?

A

50%

56
Q

How often do SNPs occur?

A

Approximately every 1000 bases

57
Q

How many times will a moderately repeating DNA sequence appear in the genome?

A

10 to 1000 times

58
Q

How many times will a highly repetitive DNA sequence appear in the genome?

A

Many thousand times

59
Q

How long (in bp) are highly repetitive DNA sequences typically?

A

100 bp

Molecular Biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions