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Molecular Biology > Ch. 17a Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Transcription (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Ch. 17a Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Transcription (Exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transcription?

A

RNA synthesis

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2
Q

In prokaryotes, where part of the gene does RNA polymerase bind to?

A

Promoter

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3
Q

What is a promoter?

A

Start of the gene

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4
Q

What is a terminator sequence?

A

Portion of gene where transcription ends

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5
Q

What is a transcription unit?

A

Nucleotide sequence that codes for a single RNA molecule

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6
Q

What 3 things does the transcription unit consist of?

A

1) Promoter
2) RNA-coding sequence
3) Terminator

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7
Q

Define upstream.

A

Sequences prior to start point of transcription

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8
Q

Define downstream.

A

Sequences that come after the start point of transcription

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9
Q

Transcription sequences are usually written…

A

Left (upstream) to right (downstream)

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10
Q

Transcription is 5’-3’ on a template that is…

A

3’-5’

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11
Q

Is the RNA strand identical to the template or coding strand?

A

Coding strand

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12
Q

Since the RNA strand is identical to the coding strand, then it is complementary to the…

A

Template strand

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13
Q

Since RNA is complementary to the template strand, it can be referred to as the { } strand.

A

Nontemplate strand

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14
Q

What happens during initiation?

A

Promoter is recognized and RNA polymerase binds to the duplex DNA, where it is unwound

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15
Q

What happens during elongation?

A

Transcription bubble extends from 5’ to 3’ as polymerase synthesizes RNA

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16
Q

What happens during termination?

A

Transcription stops once the RNA polymerase and RNA are released from the DNA duplex

17
Q

What is the purpose of the transcription bubble?

A

It allows the DNA to separate so that RNA can be crafted from the template strand

18
Q

Why is RNA polymerase a holoenzyme?

A

It is a combination of enzymes that work together for a common function

19
Q

What are the 2 key components of RNA polymerase?

A

1) Core enzyme
2) Sigma factor

20
Q

Which 2 subunits make up most of the core enzyme’s mass?

A

Beta & beta-prime

21
Q

This dimer is formed by two { } to provide the backbone for the core enzyme.

A

Alpha

22
Q

What is the purpose of the omega subunit?

A

Promoter recognition and transcription initiation

23
Q

What is the purpose of the sigma factor?

A

To ensure bacterial RNA polymerase initiates transcription at specific spots instead of binding at non-specific sequences

24
Q

The -35 element/region houses the…

A

TTGACA hexamer

25
Q

The -10 element/region houses the…

A

TATA box

26
Q

What is the difference between a closed and open binary complex?

A

Closed complex has no transcription bubble

27
Q

What happens at the ternary complex?

A

Sigma factor is released so that core enzyme can go forward transcribing

28
Q

What is happening to the DNA duplex during RNA elongation?

A

The duplex is being simultaneously wound and unwound

29
Q

Why is it important for RNA polymerase to stabilize the link between RNA and DNA?

A

Base pairing between both molecules is not too stable, and premature release from base pairing could mean premature interruption of elongation

30
Q

What is the rho factor?

A

Termination protein that binds to newly formed RNA and interacts with the polymerase to that it can be released

31
Q

What type of bonds between the DNA and RNA needs to be broken for termination to be achieved?

A

Hydrogen bonds

32
Q

Intrinsic terminators do not require a rho factor but no require this structure…

A

Hairpin loop

33
Q

What is the purpose of the hairpin loop?

A

It makes the RNA polymerase slow down and eventually dissociate from the DNA duplex

34
Q

What nucleotide duplex is the hairpin loop very rich in?

A

GC

35
Q

How does the rho factor work?

A

It uses helicase activity to unzip the DNA/RNA hybrid and release the RNA transcript

36
Q

The rho factor requires helicase & { } to operate.

A

ATP

37
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

The transcript to be used in translation

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