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BIO101 > Ch. 4 Cell Structure & Functions > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Cell Structure & Functions Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cell?

A

the most basic unit of structure capable of carrying all processes of life

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2
Q

Robert Brown

A

1st to identify the nucleus in plant cells

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3
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

1st to state that animals are made up of cells and cell parts

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4
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

said that all cells come from preexisting cells

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5
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

1st to state all plants are made up of cells and cell parts

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6
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1st to observe a thin slice of cork & called the compartments “cells”

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7
Q

The Cell Theory (1)

A

All living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells

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8
Q

The Cell Theory (2)

A

The cell is the most basic structural unit having the basic properties of life

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9
Q

The Cell Theory (3)

A

All cells come from preexisting cells

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10
Q

4 main functions of cells

A
  • take in nutrients
  • convert nutrients to energy
  • get ride of waste
  • to reproduce
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11
Q

Prokaryote

A

cells that have no nucleus, but still have DNA (bacteria)

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12
Q

Eukaryote

A

cells that have a nucleus containing DNA

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13
Q

Why are cells so small?

A 
as cells grow, the volume increases faster than the surface area
if cells were larger:
-nutrients cannot enter fast enough
-wastes cannot leave fast enough
*cell poisons itself*
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14
Q

The 3 main regions of the cell

A
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
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15
Q

The Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)

A
  • boundary that gives shape and flexibility
  • “selectively permeable”: chooses what to let in/out of the cell
  • “fluid mosaic” by allowing lipids & proteins to move around and form pores
  • allows interactions and communication with other cells
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16
Q

Types of proteins embedded in the cell membrane

A
  • receptors: ready to accept chemical reactions
  • messengers: send messengers
  • enzymes: speed up reactions
  • carrier/pumps: carry substances back and forth
    • (need ATP)
  • channel proteins: channel material in and out of cell
  • molecular motors: motor proteins help movement
  • cell identity markers
  • cell adhesion molecules
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17
Q

The Nucleus

A

protects and contains the heredity molecule DNA

-involved in cellular control and cellular division

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18
Q

The Cytoplasm

A

semifluid substance between the cell membrane and nucleus

  • contains dissolved substances, organelles, and filaments of the cytoskeleton
  • “cytoplasmic streaming”: constant motion
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19
Q

what are the external structures of a cell

A
  • glycocalyx
  • microvilli
  • cilia
  • flagella
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20
Q

glycocalyx

A

cell recognition, adhesion, fertilization, development

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21
Q

microvilli

A

increases surface area of a cell

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22
Q

cilia

A

cellular movement and sensations

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23
Q

flagella

A

locomotion

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24
Q

what are the internal structures (organelles)?

A
  • nucleus
  • ribosome
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi body
  • mitochondria
  • vesicles
  • cytoskeleton
  • centrioles
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25
Q

nucleus

A

cellular control & division

26
Q

parts of the nucleus

A
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus
  • nuclear envelope
  • chromatin
27
Q

nucleoplasm

A

a viscous fluid that fills the nucleus: where chromatin is suspended
- similar to cytosol

28
Q

nucleolus

A

a dense irregular shaped region rich in proteins and nucleic acids where ribosomal subunits are made

29
Q

nuclear envelope

A 
double membrane (two lipid bilayers) that makes the outer boundary of the nucleus 
- its pores and proteins allow certain substances to enter and leave the nucleus
30
Q

ribosome

A

assemble proteins and interpret the genetic code

31
Q

smooth ER

A
  • produces lipids

- breaks down carbohydrates, fatty acids, and toxins

32
Q

rough ER

A

produces, modifies, and transports proteins

33
Q

golgi body

A

modifies polypeptides into mature proteins

-sorts, ships, and packaging proteins and lipids in and out of the cell

34
Q

mitochondria

A

produces ATP molecules for use during cellular respiration

  • have their own DNA and ribosomes, and divide independently of the cell*
  • *has two membranes, one highly folded inside the other**
35
Q

vesicles

A

transport and stores substances inside the cell

also digests worn out cell parts

36
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein fibers that provide shape, support and movement for the cell

37
Q

centrioles

A

move cellular parts during cell division; where microtubules are grown

38
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

through cellular junctions

39
Q

adhering junctions

A

holds cells together to each other

40
Q

gap junctions

A

provide communication between cells

hormones and/or neurotransmitter

41
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent leakage between cells

42
Q

the cytomembrane system

A

a series of organelle (ER, golgi body, and vesicles) in which lipids are made and polypeptide chains are modified into proteins to be used in the cell/out of the cell

43
Q

plant cell differences

A
  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • plastids
44
Q

cell wall

A

gives support and protection to the plant cells

45
Q

central vacuole

A

stores H2O, enzymes, and waste

**when plant is water, vacuole will fill up with water and push the organelles against the cell membrane

46
Q

plastids

A

stores food and absorbs different wavelengths of light

47
Q

chloroplast

A

the main plastid in plant cells

-makes sugars (in plants and some protists)

49
Q

chromatin

A

if DNA is balled up in a non-dividing cell

49
Q

chromsome

A

if DNA is ready or going in to either meiosis or mitosis in a dividing cell
chromatin turns into chromosome

50
Q

The Cytoskeleton

A

complex system of interconnected protein filaments

- parts of the cytoskeleton reinforce , organize, and move cell structures

51
Q

parts of the cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubule
  • microfilament
  • intermediate filament
52
Q

microtubule

A

long, hollow cylinders that’s function is movement

  • can rapidly assemble and disassemble
  • *consist of subunits of the protein tubulin**
53
Q

microfilament

A

fine fibers that reinforces cell membrane & connect and support the plasma membrane

  • functions in cellular movement,contraction, shape changes and migration
  • *consists primarily of the protein actin**
  • part of the cell cortex*
54
Q

cell cortex

A

region of cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane

55
Q

intermediate filaments

A

stable cytoskeletal element in animal cells (and some protists)

  • lends structure and resilience to cells and tissues
  • different types are assembled from different fibrous proteins*
56
Q

extracellular matrix

A

a large network of proteins and other molecules that shape, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body
ex. plant wall

57
Q

primary wall

A

thin walls containing cellulose produced by growing cells (thin walls provide flexibility as the organism grows)
- all plants have a primary cell wall

58
Q

middle lamella

A

the layer that cements the primary wall to adjoining plant cells together

  • all plant cells have a middle lamella
  • made up mainly of pectin ( a complex set of polysaccharides)
59
Q

secondary wall

A

the sturdier wall that develops in many plant cells; but not all

  • only develops after primary wall is complete and organism has stopped growing
  • has permanent rigidness that gives the plant support
  • made up cellulose, lignin and other polysaccharides *
60
Q

lignin

A

compounds most present in secondary plant walls

  • gives land plants its wood texture and color
  • gives plants its strength and rigidness
  • protects plants from pests and pathogens
61
Q

plasmodesmata

A

a channel passing through the plant wall

  • allows adjacent plant cells to communicate
  • similar to gap junctions in animal cells*

BIO101 (9 decks)

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