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BIO101 > Ch. 3 Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Molecules of Life Flashcards

1
Q

organic

A

compounds that mainly consist of carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

non-organic

A

molecules that have no carbon atoms

ex. water

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3
Q

Why study carbon?

A

Carbon’s outer shell has only 4 electrons which allows carbon to make pretty stable covalent bonds with other elements

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4
Q

How do carbon atoms bond?

A

3-dimensionally

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5
Q

hydrocarbon

A

carbon chain with only hydrogen attached, completely non-polar

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6
Q

carbon bonds

A
  • single
  • double
  • triple
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7
Q

Single carbon bonds

A 
rotates easily 
ex. single bonded straight carbon chain:
    H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-H
    H H H H
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8
Q

double carbon bonds

A 
moderate movement
ex. double bonded carbon chain:
H         H
    C=C
H         H
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9
Q

triple carbon bonds

A

restricted movement
ex. triple bond
H- C≡C-H

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10
Q

branched carbon chain

A

H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-H
H H | H
H -C -H

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11
Q

ringed carbon chain

A

example:

            H
H         C        H
     C           C
     C           C
H         C         H
            H
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12
Q

functional groups

A 
an atom (other than hydrogen) or small molecular group that covalently bonds to the carbon backbone of an organic compound
ex. carboxyl group
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13
Q

What do functional groups do?

A

functional groups give organisms it its different structure and function
ex. estrogen and testostorone

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14
Q

Types of metabolic reactions (that we’ll study most)

A
  • condensation

- hydrolysis (cleavage)

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15
Q

condensation reaction

A

2 molecules covalently combine to form a larger molecule by addition of heat and release of water
subunits=polymer
A+B=AB

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16
Q

hydrolysis (cleavage) reaction

A

a large molecule splits into two smaller molecules by addition of water
polymer=-subunits
AB=A+B

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17
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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18
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

most abundant of all biological molecules

  • structure: C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio
    uses: structural material, stored energy, transportable energy
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19
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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20
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
(simple sugars)
simplest carbohydrates
- are the main energy source for most organisms
-sweet tasting, water soluble
-most have 5- or 6- carbon backbone
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21
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose (6C)
fructose (5C)
ribose (5C)
deoxyribose (5C)

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22
Q

Disaccharides

A

(double sugar)

  • *short chain carbohydrates**
  • formed by condensation reaction
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23
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

lactose, maltose, and (sucrose- most plentiful in nature)

*glucose+fructose=sucrose**

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24
Q

Polysaccharides

A

(complex sugars)

  • straight/ branched chains of many sugar monomers (3+)
  • -composed entirely of glucose
25
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose (tough, indigestible plant fibers: celery)
starch (amylose in grains, potato and pasta)
*takes longer to digest
chitin: forms external skeleton/ hard body parts in many animals (ex. crabs, earthworms, insects, ticks) **also found in fungi

26
Q

glycogen

A

sugar storage polysaccharide molecule in muscles and liver of animals

  • only sugar storing molecules in animals*
  • can be broken into glucose when blood sugar drops*
27
Q

Lipids

A

(fats)

structure: a glycerol with 1,2, or 3 fatty acid tails
- doesn’t dissolve easily in water; also hydrophobic and non-polar
uses: cell membrane structure, energy storage, signal molecules, water proofing covering

28
Q

examples of lipids

A
  • saturated fats
  • monounsaturated
  • polyunsaturated
  • triglycerides
  • waxes
  • sterols
29
Q

lipids and fatty acid types

A

-with fatty acid tail:
fats/triglycerides, phospholipid, waxes, saturated,
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
-no fatty acid tail:
sterols

30
Q

Saturated fats

A

(single bonded only)

  • solid at room temperature
  • don’t break down easily; fully saturated with hydrogen
    ex. beef fat, pork fat, lard, butter
31
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A

(carbon chain has 1 or more double bonds)

  • liquid at room temperature
  • breaks down easier; not fully saturated with hydrogens
    ex. olive oil, cheese, nuts, eggs
32
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

(carbon chain with at least 3 double bonds)

  • best for your health: easier to digest
    ex. seeds, soybeans, avocado
33
Q

Triglycerides

A

consists of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

  • neutral fat -most abundant lipid in human body
  • richest energy source (9cal/gm)
    uses: insulation, fat storage, protection of bones and internal organs
34
Q

Phospolipids

A

consists of a glycerol with a phosphate head and 2 fatty acid tails
-creates the phospholipid bilayer in the cell
- maintains homeostasis in the cell: regulates what
enters/exists the cell

35
Q

Waxes

A
  • firm consistency: repel water
  • waterproofing in plants/animals
    ex. cuticles on fruit, veggies, leaves; beeswax, earwax, skin, hair, feathers
36
Q

dessication

A

action of drying, removal of moisture

37
Q

Sterols

A

(lipids with no fatty acid tail)

  • four carbon ring with functional groups
  • regulates hormone and vitamin production
    ex. cholesterol, hormones, steroids, bile salts, vitaminD
38
Q

cholesterol

A

most common sterol in animals (made by liver) and obtained through diet
-too much can lead to atherosclerosis

39
Q

atherosclerosis

not that important to know completely

A

deposits of plaque (fatty material) on the walls of blood vessel that constricts the flow of blood through the veins and arteries– can lead to heart disease

40
Q

sterols and hormones

A

give rise to secondary sexual characteristics and gamete formation
ex. estrogen and testosterone

41
Q

Proteins (pt1)

A

chain of amino acids held by/linked together by peptide bonds (called a polypeptide)

  • proteins determine the structure and functions of organisms
  • *20 different kinds of amino acids make up 100 million particles
42
Q

Proteins (pt2)

A

structure dictations function:

  • 3 dimensional shape of protein determines its biological function
    • primary structure
    • secondary structure
    • tertiary structure
    • quaternary structure
43
Q

primary structure

A

linear chain of amino acids (polypeptide)*type of protein

-[]-[]-[]-[]-[]-[]-[]

44
Q

secondary structure

A

polypeptide folds in helices/folded sheets
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\

45
Q

tertiary structure

A

further folding of helices or sheet into loop

-these sheets make a protein a “working molecule”

46
Q

quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptide held into a globule for a particular shapes for a specific function

47
Q

fibrous protein

A

chains arranged as strands or sheets

ex. keratin, collagen

48
Q

major types of proteins

A
  • structural
  • regulatory
  • hormones
  • transport
  • antigens
  • enzymes
49
Q

structural proteins

A

make up cell parts, keratin in skin and hair, feathers, webs, bones and cartilage

50
Q

regulatory proteins

A

controls the individual parts of cell (organelles)

51
Q

hormone proteins

A

“molecular messages” that control growth and developement

52
Q

transport proteins

A

carry substances throughout body

ex. hemoglobin

53
Q

antigen proteins

A

cause formation of antibodies which provide protection from disease
*specific to their antigen

54
Q

enzyme protein

A

special proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up reactions

55
Q

polypeptides may have organic compounds attached like:

A
  • lipoproteins: proteins combined with lipids/fats

- glycoproteins: proteins combined with sugars

56
Q

denaturation

A

disruption of 3 dimensional shape of a protein

  • will cause a protein to no longer function properly
  • causes of denaturation: pH, temperature
57
Q

Nucleic acids

A 
(DNA or RNA)
rna- single coil (ribose sugar)
dna- double coil (deoxyribose sugar)
 -both consist of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and 
 nitrogen base
58
Q

nitrogen bases

A

purines: adenine or guanine
*double unit
pyrimidines: thymine or cytosine
*single unit
(thymine is replaced by purine: uracil in RNA)

59
Q

purine and pyrimidines

A

purines join with pyrimidines to joint the two sides of DNA molecules in the following order ONLY:
A-T
G-C

BIO101 (9 decks)

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