Ch. 4 Cell Physiology Flashcards
What does the membrane processes do?
Excrete, secret, absorb
What is Diffusion? Is it passive or active?
- Concentrated molecules that move away from each other via kinetic energy until they are evenly distributed
- Passive
What is Facilitated Diffusion? Is it active or passive?
- Channel dependent movement of large molecules into the cell (ex. glucose movement)
- Passive
What is Osmosis? Is it passive or active?
- Movement of (ONLY) water across a semipermeable membrane
- passive
What is the term for this definition:
Pressure provided by the heart and helps move water and wastes in the kidneys.
Hint: is a passive movement
Filtration
What is passive transport?
Movement that requires no energy expenditure
What are channels?
Protein structures in the cell membrane that act as pores and allow specific ions/small molecules to passively move across the membrane
What is Active Transport?
When cells use energy to move substances that are too large, against the concentration gradient. Can move substances that aren’t lipid soluble and cannot diffuse across the membrane.
Define Symport System
All substances that move in the same direction in active transport
What is the Antiport system?
Ex. Na/K pump
A system where some substances are moved in one direction while all others go in a different direction in active transport
Define the term for this definition:
Cell eating; cell engulfs solid materials
Phagocytosis
Define the term for this definition:
Cell drinking; cell engulfs liquid materials
Pinocytosis
What is Receptor Mediated Endocytosis?
Occurs in the cells with specific proteins in their plasma membranes and forms a vesicle called a coated pit
Define Endocytosis
Into the cell; transports large particles or liquids into the cell by engulfing them
Define Exocytosis
Out of the cell
What is secretion?
the removal of manufactured products (tear film and mucous) into extracellular space
Define Excretion
The removal of waste products internally to external space
What is the concept of tonicity?
the concentration of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane
Define the Term for the following:
Same concentration of solute and solvent (water) across the membrane
Isotonic
Define Hypertonic
less solute on the outside of the membrane. Drives water into the cell but, may cause them to rupture
True or False? Hypertonic means that there is more solute outside of the membrane which drives water out of the cells and shrinks them.
True
Intracellular fluid is made up of how much total body water (TBW).
2/3
Extracellular fluid is made up of how much total body water?
1/3
Intravascular fluid is a type of extracellular fluid. Where is it found?
Lymphatic and blood vessels
Interstitial Fluid is an extracellular fluid. Where is it located?
The outside of vessels and surrounding tissues.
What is the concentration gradient?
the spectrum between the most concentrated and least concentrated regions filled with molecules
What is edema?
Abnormal leakage of fluids from the vascular space due to low levels of albumin, electrolytes, and other soluble proteins that keep the “pull” on those fluids in the vessels.
Define Pulmonary Edema
fluid leakage into the lung tissue
Define Cutaneous Edema
fluid leakage into the skin
Define Pitting Cutaneous Edema
an indentation in the skin after applying pressure into a region of an animal’s skin that has fluid accumulation
What is membrane potential?
the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state
The M Phase of cell division is when the cell does what?
Actively divides and produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material
What signals the end of Prophase?
The disintegration of the nuclear envelope
What occurs in Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell to form the metaphase plate
What occurs in Anaphase?
The centromere divides in half and is pulled apart to opposite poles.
What phase of mitosis is the shortest?
Anaphase, lasts only a few minutes
What occurs in Telophase?
Chromosomes unravel, elongate and return to normal chromatin. A nuclear envelope reappears and then the cell pinches itself in half to create two new cells
What is DNA replication?
A perfect copy of DNA that is passed onto daughter cells prior to division
What occurs in Interphase?
The period between cell division where the cell continues on with normal activities and the DNA and centriole (spindle apparatus) continues replication of themselves
What is a somatic cell?
All the cells in the body (minus reproductive); go through mitosis in which a single cell makes two identical daughter cells
What are reproductive cells?
Ovaries, testicles, eggs, and sperm; go through meiosis in which the daughter cell will end up with half the number of chromosomes.
What is Transcription?
When genetic information in DNA is copied onto mRNA and exported to the cytoplasm
What is translation?
The making of a protein from a mRNA template strand; translating information in the form of nucleotides annd making them amino acids
Define Codons
The 3 nucleotides on the mRNA that code for specific amino acids
Define Anti-Codons
The trio of nitrogenous bases that correspond to codons
How does protein synthesis work?
just read
Pre-mRNA molecules are made via transcription and then are fine tuned to produce mRNA. This is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Ribosomes attach to mRNA and act like landing pads for tRNA that have amino acids attached to them. Then translation occurs and polypeptide chains are built and then further combined to create protein.
