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A and P > Ch. 3 Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Cell Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The membrane structure is composed of two layers of what?

Hint Phospholipid bilayer

A

Phospholipid molecules that have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

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2
Q

What type of soluble materials can pass through with ease in cellular membranes?

A

Lipid Soluble

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3
Q

What types of soluble materials need channels to pass through cellular membranes?

A

Water-Soluble

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4
Q

What are Globular Proteins responsible for?

A

Membrane special functions

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5
Q

What protein occurs inside the bilayer and creates channels for other molecules to pass through with no resistance?

Hint: they also act as binding sites for ligands so they can change cell activity

A

Integral Proteins

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6
Q

What lipid molecule wedges themselves between the bilayer to stabilize the membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

What proteins bind to the cell surface to act as enzymes/catalysts for specific chemical reactions?

A

Peripheral Proteins

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8
Q

What do internal peripheral proteins attach themselves to inside the cell?

A

The internal cytoskeleton

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9
Q

What is the “sugar coating” of the cell surface?

A

Glycocalyx
( pronounced gly-co-k-lyx)

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10
Q

What is Glycocalyx made up of?

A
  1. Glycolipids (sugar and phospholipids)
  2. Glycoproteins (sugar and proteins)
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11
Q

What is the purpose of glycolipids and glycoproteins?

A

To be biological markers for internal recognition and improve cell-to-cell adhesion

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12
Q

What are CAM (cell adhesion molecules)?

hint: just the definition, not what they do

A

Sticky Glycoproteins that cover almost all animal cell surfaces

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13
Q

What does CAM do?

hint there are 4 answers

A
  1. Allows cells to bond to external molecules and themselves
  2. Help move cells pass each other
  3. Mediates WBC cell response to infectious/inflamed areas (immune response)
  4. Allow egg and sperm to combine for fertilization
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14
Q

What is Zone pellucid?

A

Surface adhesion site on the egg for sperm

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15
Q

What are endothelial (blood vessel) CAM’s called?

A

WBC (leukocytes)

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16
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Anti-bodies

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17
Q

What do membrane receptors do?

hint 3 answers

A
  1. Binding sites on the cell surface
  2. play roles in cell-to-cell adhesion
  3. assist bacteria and viruses in locating target cells
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18
Q

What are ligands?

A

Neurotransmitters

19
Q

Define Cell Membrane and it’s 2 functions

A

boundary between internal and external compartments

  1. controls passage of substances in/out of cell
  2. maintains membrane receptors for attachment of ligands
20
Q

What are Cilia? What do they do?

A

microscopic, hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of cells in many parts of the body

  1. create wave motions to propel fluid and mucus and debris across cellular surface
21
Q

What are flagella?

Hint: sperm

A

Tail-like structures attached to individual cells
1. move cells forward via undulating
2. move cells through fluid

22
Q

Define nucleus and its function

A
  1. site of transcription (transfer of genetic DNA to mRNA)
  2. production of ribosomal subunits
23
Q

Define Nuclear Envelope and its function

A
  1. separates nucleus from surrounding cytosol
  2. restricts movement of molecules in/out of nucleus
24
Q

What is the term for the following definition?

DNA portion that has the sequence code for making enzymes/proteins; supercoils to form X-shaped chromosomes during cell division

A

Chromatin

25
Q

Where is the location of ribosomal unit synthesis?

A

Nucleolus

26
Q

What is Cytosol? What are the 2 things it does?

A

fluid of the cell

  1. medium for transport of internal molecules and organelles
  2. supports cell membrane
27
Q

What is the term for the following definition?

storage and transportation vesicles of internal substances

A

Inclusions

28
Q

What is the term for the following:

provides strength, structure, and support; maintains cell shape and impacts cell division and movement of organelles and the cell membrane

A

Cytoskeleton

29
Q

What are the 3 fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microtubules (organelle railroad tract)
  2. Intermediate filaments (tough and most permanent; resist shape change)
  3. Microfilaments (contractile proteins that are prominent on muscles (actin and myosin); make outpouchings and involutions)
30
Q

What are Centrioles and its function?

A

duplicate before cell division into mother and daughter centrioles.

  1. Anchor spindle fibers and move apart as the spindle fibers lengthen
31
Q

What is the function of RER?

A

produces, modifies, and packages secretory proteins; has ribosomes on surface and helps assemble proteins

32
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

produces, modifies, and packages lipids and carbs; synthesizes and stores phospholipids and steroids

33
Q

Where is protein synthesis located?

A

Ribosomes

34
Q

Proteins manufactured on free ribosomes are used where?

A

internally

35
Q

Where do proteins fixed on RER surfaces get sent?

A

Externally

36
Q

What is a proteasome job?

A

break down misfolded/abnormal proteins one at a time

37
Q

What is the term for this:

Refines and alters molecules used for secretion and internal use. Produces lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

38
Q

What is the term for this:

digests absorbed material and produces internal waste; if ruptured it can cause cell autolysis

Hint: produced by the Golgi apparatus

A

lysosomes

39
Q

Peroxisomes contain peroxides and catalases. What are the 4 functions it does?

A
  1. detox via oxygen
  2. remove free radicals
  3. breakdown long, fatty acid chains
  4. import phospholipids and proteins to allow growth and division
40
Q

What is the term for this:

fit into nuclear pore complexes where on one end opens to pickup/drop off large molecules or ribosomal subunits going in/out of nucleus

A

Vault

41
Q

What is the site for cellular respiration that produces ATP (makes up 95% of cell energy)?

Hint: powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

If cellular energy requirements demand increase, what occurs to the mitochondria?

Hint Fission

A

The mitochondria will spilt itself to produce two new mitochondria to produce more energy. Will eventually grow back into full sized individual organisms

43
Q

Which organism was not originally apart of our unicellular species and eventually created a symbiotic relationship with them?

A

Mitochondria

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