Ch. 3 Cell Anatomy Flashcards
The membrane structure is composed of two layers of what?
Hint Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid molecules that have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
What type of soluble materials can pass through with ease in cellular membranes?
Lipid Soluble
What types of soluble materials need channels to pass through cellular membranes?
Water-Soluble
What are Globular Proteins responsible for?
Membrane special functions
What protein occurs inside the bilayer and creates channels for other molecules to pass through with no resistance?
Hint: they also act as binding sites for ligands so they can change cell activity
Integral Proteins
What lipid molecule wedges themselves between the bilayer to stabilize the membrane?
Cholesterol
What proteins bind to the cell surface to act as enzymes/catalysts for specific chemical reactions?
Peripheral Proteins
What do internal peripheral proteins attach themselves to inside the cell?
The internal cytoskeleton
What is the “sugar coating” of the cell surface?
Glycocalyx
( pronounced gly-co-k-lyx)
What is Glycocalyx made up of?
- Glycolipids (sugar and phospholipids)
- Glycoproteins (sugar and proteins)
What is the purpose of glycolipids and glycoproteins?
To be biological markers for internal recognition and improve cell-to-cell adhesion
What are CAM (cell adhesion molecules)?
hint: just the definition, not what they do
Sticky Glycoproteins that cover almost all animal cell surfaces
What does CAM do?
hint there are 4 answers
- Allows cells to bond to external molecules and themselves
- Help move cells pass each other
- Mediates WBC cell response to infectious/inflamed areas (immune response)
- Allow egg and sperm to combine for fertilization
What is Zone pellucid?
Surface adhesion site on the egg for sperm
What are endothelial (blood vessel) CAM’s called?
WBC (leukocytes)
What are immunoglobulins?
Anti-bodies
What do membrane receptors do?
hint 3 answers
- Binding sites on the cell surface
- play roles in cell-to-cell adhesion
- assist bacteria and viruses in locating target cells
What are ligands?
Neurotransmitters
Define Cell Membrane and it’s 2 functions
boundary between internal and external compartments
- controls passage of substances in/out of cell
- maintains membrane receptors for attachment of ligands
What are Cilia? What do they do?
microscopic, hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of cells in many parts of the body
- create wave motions to propel fluid and mucus and debris across cellular surface
What are flagella?
Hint: sperm
Tail-like structures attached to individual cells
1. move cells forward via undulating
2. move cells through fluid
Define nucleus and its function
- site of transcription (transfer of genetic DNA to mRNA)
- production of ribosomal subunits
Define Nuclear Envelope and its function
- separates nucleus from surrounding cytosol
- restricts movement of molecules in/out of nucleus
What is the term for the following definition?
DNA portion that has the sequence code for making enzymes/proteins; supercoils to form X-shaped chromosomes during cell division
Chromatin
Where is the location of ribosomal unit synthesis?
Nucleolus
What is Cytosol? What are the 2 things it does?
fluid of the cell
- medium for transport of internal molecules and organelles
- supports cell membrane
What is the term for the following definition?
storage and transportation vesicles of internal substances
Inclusions
What is the term for the following:
provides strength, structure, and support; maintains cell shape and impacts cell division and movement of organelles and the cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
What are the 3 fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
- Microtubules (organelle railroad tract)
- Intermediate filaments (tough and most permanent; resist shape change)
- Microfilaments (contractile proteins that are prominent on muscles (actin and myosin); make outpouchings and involutions)
What are Centrioles and its function?
duplicate before cell division into mother and daughter centrioles.
- Anchor spindle fibers and move apart as the spindle fibers lengthen
What is the function of RER?
produces, modifies, and packages secretory proteins; has ribosomes on surface and helps assemble proteins
What is the function of SER?
produces, modifies, and packages lipids and carbs; synthesizes and stores phospholipids and steroids
Where is protein synthesis located?
Ribosomes
Proteins manufactured on free ribosomes are used where?
internally
Where do proteins fixed on RER surfaces get sent?
Externally
What is a proteasome job?
break down misfolded/abnormal proteins one at a time
What is the term for this:
Refines and alters molecules used for secretion and internal use. Produces lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
What is the term for this:
digests absorbed material and produces internal waste; if ruptured it can cause cell autolysis
Hint: produced by the Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
Peroxisomes contain peroxides and catalases. What are the 4 functions it does?
- detox via oxygen
- remove free radicals
- breakdown long, fatty acid chains
- import phospholipids and proteins to allow growth and division
What is the term for this:
fit into nuclear pore complexes where on one end opens to pickup/drop off large molecules or ribosomal subunits going in/out of nucleus
Vault
What is the site for cellular respiration that produces ATP (makes up 95% of cell energy)?
Hint: powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
If cellular energy requirements demand increase, what occurs to the mitochondria?
Hint Fission
The mitochondria will spilt itself to produce two new mitochondria to produce more energy. Will eventually grow back into full sized individual organisms
Which organism was not originally apart of our unicellular species and eventually created a symbiotic relationship with them?
Mitochondria
